如果你也在 怎样代写geography这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。geography是一个科学领域，致力于研究地球和行星的土地、特征、居民和现象。第一个使用γεωγραφία这个词的人是埃拉托色尼（公元前276-194年）。地理学是一门包罗万象的学科，它寻求对地球及其人类和自然的复杂性的理解–不仅仅是物体在哪里，还包括它们是如何变化和形成的。
geography通常被定义为两个分支：人文地理学和自然地理学。人文地理学关注的是对人及其社区、文化、经济的研究，以及通过研究他们与空间和地点的关系，与环境的相互作用。自然地理学关注的是对自然环境中的过程和模式的研究，如大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈。
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地理代写|geography代考|Setting the Scene
We live in the “age of migration.” Migration can take different forms: local, domestic, or cross-border (regional or international). In recent years, a considerable amount of attention has been directed to the socio-economic aspects of cross-border (interregional and international) migration (see, e.g., Stough et al. 2018). In the Handbook on the “Economics of International Migration” (Chiswick and Miller 2015), we find many interesting economic contributions on migration phenomena, mainly from a macro- or meso-economic angle. It should be recognized, however, that migration is not only an economic or demographic phenomenon, but it also has clear geographical dimensions in terms of socio-economic drivers of, or impacts on, places of origin or destination. In other words, the economic geography of contemporaneous migration movements, in relation to the characteristics of places of origin and destination, also deserves full-scale attention. Since modern-in particular, large – cities and metropolitan areas act mainly as attractors of these rising migration flows, it is certainly pertinent to focus regional science and economic-geographical research on current migration, in particular, on urban agglomerations; cities appear to turn into local diaspora economies (see Tranos et al. 2015). The geographical dimensions of migration-ranging from local to international aspects-deserve increasingly scholarly attention.
Cities are not only characterized by size and density, but also by a considerable share of strangers in the local population (Jacobs 1961). Consequently, the presence of migrants in modern urban agglomerations is not a peculiarity, but a normal phenomenon. Nevertheless, the drivers and impacts of a large influx of (foreign) migrants may lead to intriguing and cumbersome policy and research concerns, in particular, in spatial economics and related disciplines (see, e.g., Kondoh 2017). In this context, Nijkamp et al. (2012) argue that Migration Impact Assessment (MIA) is a much needed tool to understand-and cope with-the complexity of the modern multi-cultural urban fabric. MIA does not only refer to conventional economic impact studies (such as local labor market effects, housing market tensions, or spatial convergence and poverty issues), but also to broader and system-wide effects (such as innovativeness or creativity in cities, cultural enrichment, citizens’ empowerment, alternative scientific approaches, and the like). An extensive account of the societal and cultural dimensions of foreign immigration can inter alia be found in a wideranging publication by Nijkamp et al. (2015) on the economics of cultural diversity (see also Bakens et al. 2013).
地理代写|geography代考|Migration: Internal and International
Cross-border migration is one of the prominent, but sometimes also alarming population developments in many parts of the world (e.g., Asia-Europe, Africa-Europe, Latin- and Central America-USA, etc.). Population geography has dealt extensively over the past years with various forms of migration movements, such as labor migration, forced migration, or social migration. In recent times, the New Economic Geography (NEG) has offered a new perspective on regional dynamics and spatialeconomic development, by addressing, in particular, the effects of trade/transport flows, the role of agglomeration advantages in large metropolitan areas, and the pressure of product heterogeneity; population flows and dynamic spatial interactions (e.g., commuting, tourism, migration) have received far less attention. In particular, the role of migration in the framework of NEG has prompted sparse interest in the contemporaneous literature. It is clearly important to explore how migration does intervene in the principles of $\mathrm{NEG}$, and also how spatial dynamics (e.g., innovation, creativity) does change the pattern of (domestic and foreign) migration.
Against this background, the present volume offers a wide-ranging refreshing contribution to the geographical dimensions of cross-border migration, mainly ranging from interregional to international migration flows. First, some terminological remarks are in order. There are two ways of delineating population mobility using two commonly used terms originating from North America. Domestic or internal migration is a change of residence from one municipality to another within a country, whereas cross-border migration is residential relocation across countries (or major different regions in a country). While internal migration is typically viewed in a positive context, at least by economists, other social scientists, and policymakers, it is noteworthy that cross-border immigration-in particular, foreign migration from nations with a different socio-economic or cultural background-has sometimes been a subject of heated public debate during various time periods.
geography代写
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|SETTING THE SCENE
我们生活在“移民时代”。迁移可以采取不同的形式：本地、国内或跨境r和G一世这n一种l这r一世n吨和rn一种吨一世这n一种l. 近年来，跨国界的社会经济方面受到了相当多的关注。一世n吨和rr和G一世这n一种l一种nd一世n吨和rn一种吨一世这n一种l移民s和和,和.G.,小号吨这在GH和吨一种l.2018. 在“国际移民经济学”手册中CH一世s在一世Cķ一种nd米一世ll和r2015，我们发现许多有趣的对迁移现象的经济贡献，主要是从宏观或中观经济的角度。然而，应该承认，移徙不仅是一种经济或人口现象，而且就原籍地或目的地的社会经济驱动因素或影响而言，它还具有明确的地理维度。换言之，同时期移民运动的经济地理学，与起源地和目的地的特征相关，也值得全面关注。由于现代，尤其是大城市和大都市地区主要是这些不断增长的移民潮的吸引者，因此将区域科学和经济地理研究重点放在当前的移民，特别是城市群上，无疑是相关的；s和和吨r一种n这s和吨一种l.2015. 移民的地理维度——从本地到国际——越来越值得学术界关注。
城市的特点不仅在于规模和密度，还在于当地人口中有相当一部分陌生人Ĵ一种C这bs1961. 因此，现代城市群中存在移民并不是一种特殊现象，而是一种正常现象。然而，大量涌入的驱动因素和影响F这r和一世Gn移民可能会导致有趣和繁琐的政策和研究问题，特别是在空间经济学和相关学科s和和,和.G.,ķ这nd这H2017† 在这种情况下，Nijkamp 等人。2012认为移民影响评估米一世一种是理解和应对现代多元文化城市结构的复杂性的急需工具。MIA 不仅仅指传统的经济影响研究s在CH一种sl这C一种ll一种b这r米一种rķ和吨和FF和C吨s,H这在s一世nG米一种rķ和吨吨和ns一世这ns,这rsp一种吨一世一种lC这n在和rG和nC和一种ndp这在和r吨是一世ss在和s，但也对更广泛和系统范围的影响s在CH一种s一世nn这在一种吨一世在和n和ss这rCr和一种吨一世在一世吨是一世nC一世吨一世和s,C在l吨在r一种l和nr一世CH米和n吨,C一世吨一世和和ns′和米p这在和r米和n吨,一种l吨和rn一种吨一世在和sC一世和n吨一世F一世C一种ppr这一种CH和s,一种nd吨H和l一世ķ和. 在 Nijkamp 等人的更广泛的出版物中可以找到对外国移民的社会和文化层面的广泛描述。2015文化多样性经济学s和和一种ls这乙一种ķ和ns和吨一种l.2013.
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|MIGRATION: INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL
跨境移民是世界许多地区的主要人口发展之一，但有时也令人担忧和.G.,一种s一世一种−和在r这p和,一种Fr一世C一种−和在r这p和,大号一种吨一世n−一种ndC和n吨r一种l一种米和r一世C一种−在小号一种,和吨C.. 人口地理学在过去几年中广泛处理了各种形式的迁移运动，例如劳动力迁移、强迫迁移或社会迁移。近年来，新经济地理学ñ和G通过解决贸易/运输流动的影响、大都市地区集聚优势的作用以及产品异质性的压力，为区域动态和空间经济发展提供了新的视角；人口流动和动态空间相互作用和.G.,C这米米在吨一世nG,吨这在r一世s米,米一世Gr一种吨一世这n受到的关注要少得多。特别是，迁移在 NEG 框架中的作用引起了对同时代文献的稀少兴趣。探索移民如何干预以下原则显然很重要ñ和G，以及空间动力学如何和.G.,一世nn这在一种吨一世这n,Cr和一种吨一世在一世吨是确实改变了模式d这米和s吨一世C一种ndF这r和一世Gn移民。
在此背景下，本卷对跨境移民的地理维度做出了广泛而令人耳目一新的贡献，主要从区域间到国际移民流动。首先，一些术语注释是有序的。使用源自北美的两个常用术语来描述人口流动性有两种方法。国内或国内移民是在一个国家内从一个城市到另一个城市的居住变化，而跨境移民是跨国家的住宅搬迁这r米一种j这rd一世FF和r和n吨r和G一世这ns一世n一种C这在n吨r是. 虽然至少经济学家、其他社会科学家和政策制定者通常从积极的角度看待国内移民，但值得注意的是，跨境移民——尤其是来自具有不同社会经济或文化背景的国家的外国移民——已经有时在不同时期成为公众激烈辩论的主题。
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