如果你也在 怎样代写有机化学organic chemistry这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。有机化学organic chemistry是化学的一个分支,研究含有碳-碳共价键的有机化合物的结构、性质和反应。对性质的研究包括物理和化学性质,以及对化学反应性的评估,以了解其行为。有机反应的研究包括天然产品、药物和聚合物的化学合成,以及在实验室和通过理论(in silico)研究单个有机分子。
有机化学organic chemistry研究的化学品范围包括碳氢化合物(只含碳和氢的化合物)以及以碳为基础但也含有其他元素的化合物,特别是氧、氮、硫、磷(包括在许多生化制品中)和卤素。有机金属化学是研究含有碳-金属键的化合物。此外,当代研究的重点是涉及其他有机金属的有机化学,包括镧系元素,但特别是过渡金属锌、铜、钯、镍、钴、钛和铬。
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化学代写|有机化学代写organic chemistry代考|Nucleophiles and Electrophiles; Leaving Groups
Stated with some exaggeration, organic chemistry is comparatively simple to learn because most organic chemical reactions follow a single pattern. This pattern is
$$
\text { nucleophile }+\text { electrophile } \underset{\text { pair shift(s) }}{\text { valence electron }} \operatorname{product(s)}
$$
A nucleophile is a species that attacks the reaction partner by making a pair of electrons available to it; it is thus an electron pair donor. An electrophile is a species that reacts by accepting a pair of electrons from the reaction partner so that it can be shared between them. An electrophile is thus an electron pair acceptor.
化学代写|有机化学代写organic chemistry代考|Good and Poor Nucleophiles
Which nucleophiles can be alkylated rapidly and are thus called “good nucleophiles”? Or, in other words, which nucleophiles have “high nucleophilicity”? And which nucleophiles can be alkylated only slowly and are thus called “poor nucleophiles”? Or, in other words, which nucleophiles have “low nucleophilicity”? Or let us ask from the point of view of the alkylating agent: Which alkylating agents react rapidly in $S_{N}$ reactions and thus are “good alkylating agents” (good electrophiles)? Which alkylating agents react slowly in $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions and thus are “poor alkylating agents” (poor electrophiles)? As emerges from these definitions, good and poor nucleophiles, high and low nucleophilicity, good and poor alkylating agents, good and poor electrophiles, and high and low electrophilicity are kinetically determined concepts.
Answers to all these questions are obtained via pairs of $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions, which are carried out as competition experiments. In a competition experiment two reagents react simultaneously with one substrate (or two substrates react simultaneously with one reagent). Two reaction products can then be produced. The main product is the compound that results from the more reactive (synonymous with “faster reacting”) reaction partner.
化学代写|有机化学代写ORGANIC CHEMISTRY代考|Leaving Groups and the Quality of Leaving Groups
In Figure $2.3$ substructures have been listed in the order of their suitability as leaving groups in $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions. Substrates with good leaving groups are listed on top and substrates with increasingly poor leaving groups follow. At the bottom of Figure $2.3$ are substrates whose functional group is an extremely poor leaving group. In part the effect of nucleophiles on substrates of the latter type does result in a reaction, but it is not an $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reaction. This is, for example, the case when the nucleophile abstracts an acidic proton in the $\alpha$ position to the functional group instead of replacing the functional group. For example, $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with ammonium salts, nitro compounds, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonium salts, phosphonic acid esters, phosphine oxides, and phosphonium salts usually fail as a result of such a deprotonation. Another reaction competing with the substitution of a functional group by a nucleophile is an attack on the functional group by the nucleophile. For example, $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions of nitriles, phosphonic acid esters, and phosphonium salts often fail because of this problem.
Alcohols, ethers, and carboxylic acid esters occupy an intermediate position. These compounds as such-except for the special cases shown in Figure 2.3-do not enter into any $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with nucleophiles. The reason for this is that poor leaving groups would have to be released $\left({ }^{-} \mathrm{OH},{ }^{-} \mathrm{OR},{ }^{-} \mathrm{O}{2} \mathrm{CR}\right.$; see below for details). However, these compounds can enter into $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with nucleophiles when they are activated as oxonium ions, for example via a reversible protonation, via bonding of a Lewis acid (LA in Figure 2.3), or via a phosphorylation. Thus, upon attack by the nucleophile, better leaving groups (e.g., $\mathrm{HOH}, \mathrm{HOR}, \mathrm{HO}{2} \mathrm{CR}, \mathrm{O}=\mathrm{PPh}_{3}$ ) can be released.
有机化学代写
化学代写|有机化学代写ORGANIC CHEMISTRY代考|NUCLEOPHILES AND ELECTROPHILES; LEAVING GROUPS
夸张地说,有机化学相对容易学习,因为大多数有机化学反应都遵循单一模式。这个图案是
亲核试剂 + 亲电体 最外层电子 对班次 pr这d在C吨(s)
亲核试剂是一种通过提供一对电子来攻击反应伙伴的物质。因此它是电子对供体。亲电试剂是一种通过从反应伙伴接受一对电子进行反应的物质,以便它们可以在它们之间共享。因此,亲电体是电子对受体。
化学代写|有机化学代写ORGANIC CHEMISTRY代考|GOOD AND POOR NUCLEOPHILES
哪些亲核试剂可以快速烷基化并因此被称为“良好的亲核试剂”?或者,换句话说,哪些亲核试剂具有“高亲核性”?哪些亲核试剂只能缓慢烷基化,因此被称为“差亲核试剂”?或者,换句话说,哪些亲核试剂具有“低亲核性”?或者让我们从烷化剂的角度问:哪些烷化剂在小号ñ反应,因此是“良好的烷化剂”G这这d和l和C吨r这pH一世l和s? 哪些烷化剂反应慢小号ñ反应,因此是“不良烷基化剂”p这这r和l和C吨r这pH一世l和s? 从这些定义中可以看出,好的和差的亲核试剂、高和低的亲核性、好的和差的烷化剂、好的和差的亲电试剂以及高和低的亲电性是动力学决定的概念。
所有这些问题的答案都是通过成对获得的小号ñ作为竞争实验进行的反应。在竞争实验中,两种试剂与一种底物同时反应这r吨在这s在bs吨r一种吨和sr和一种C吨s一世米在l吨一种n和这在sl是在一世吨H这n和r和一种G和n吨. 然后可以产生两种反应产物。主要产物是反应性更强的化合物s是n这n是米这在s在一世吨H“F一种s吨和rr和一种C吨一世nG”反应伙伴。
化学代写|有机化学代写ORGANIC CHEMISTRY代考|LEAVING GROUPS AND THE QUALITY OF LEAVING GROUPS
如图2.3在$2.3$ substructures have been listed in the order of their suitability as leaving groups in $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions. Substrates with good leaving groups are listed on top and substrates with increasingly poor leaving groups follow. At the bottom of Figure $2.3$ are substrates whose functional group is an extremely poor leaving group. In part the effect of nucleophiles on substrates of the latter type does result in a reaction, but it is not an $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reaction. This is, for example, the case when the nucleophile abstracts an acidic proton in the $\alpha$ position to the functional group instead of replacing the functional group. For example, $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with ammonium salts, nitro compounds, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonium salts, phosphonic acid esters, phosphine oxides, and phosphonium salts usually fail as a result of such a deprotonation. Another reaction competing with the substitution of a functional group by a nucleophile is an attack on the functional group by the nucleophile. For example, $\mathrm{S}{\ 反应经常因为这个问题而失败。
醇、醚和羧酸酯占据中间位置。这些化合物本身——除了图 2.3 所示的特殊情况——不进入任何 $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with nucleophiles. The reason for this is that poor leaving groups would have to be released $\left({ }^{-} \mathrm{OH},{ }^{-} \mathrm{OR},{ }^{-} \mathrm{O}{2} \mathrm{CR}\right.$; see below for details). However, these compounds can enter into $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{N}}$ reactions with nucleophiles when they are activated as oxonium ions, for example via a reversible protonation, via bonding of a Lewis acid (LA in Figure 2.3), or via a phosphorylation. Thus, upon attack by the nucleophile, better leaving groups (e.g., $\mathrm{HOH}, \mathrm{HOR}, \mathrm{HO}{2} \mathrm{CR}, \mathrm{O}=\mathrm{PPh}_{3}$ )可以释放。
化学代写|有机化学代写organic chemistry代考 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
电磁学代考
物理代考服务:
物理Physics考试代考、留学生物理online exam代考、电磁学代考、热力学代考、相对论代考、电动力学代考、电磁学代考、分析力学代考、澳洲物理代考、北美物理考试代考、美国留学生物理final exam代考、加拿大物理midterm代考、澳洲物理online exam代考、英国物理online quiz代考等。
光学代考
光学(Optics),是物理学的分支,主要是研究光的现象、性质与应用,包括光与物质之间的相互作用、光学仪器的制作。光学通常研究红外线、紫外线及可见光的物理行为。因为光是电磁波,其它形式的电磁辐射,例如X射线、微波、电磁辐射及无线电波等等也具有类似光的特性。
大多数常见的光学现象都可以用经典电动力学理论来说明。但是,通常这全套理论很难实际应用,必需先假定简单模型。几何光学的模型最为容易使用。
相对论代考
上至高压线,下至发电机,只要用到电的地方就有相对论效应存在!相对论是关于时空和引力的理论,主要由爱因斯坦创立,相对论的提出给物理学带来了革命性的变化,被誉为现代物理性最伟大的基础理论。
流体力学代考
流体力学是力学的一个分支。 主要研究在各种力的作用下流体本身的状态,以及流体和固体壁面、流体和流体之间、流体与其他运动形态之间的相互作用的力学分支。
随机过程代写
随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其取值随着偶然因素的影响而改变。 例如,某商店在从时间t0到时间tK这段时间内接待顾客的人数,就是依赖于时间t的一组随机变量,即随机过程
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。