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数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考|ETHNOGRAPHIC MICROANALYSIS

如果你也在 怎样代写定量方法Quantitative Methods这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。定量方法Quantitative Methods定量研究是一种侧重于量化数据收集和分析的研究策略。它由演绎法形成,强调对理论的检验,由经验主义和实证主义哲学所塑造 。这种研究策略与自然科学、应用科学、形式科学和社会科学相关联,提倡对可观察到的现象进行客观的实证调查,以检验和理解各种关系。这是通过一系列量化方法和技术来完成的,反映了它作为一种研究策略在不同学科中的广泛运用 。

定量方法Quantitative Methods的目的是开发和采用与现象有关的数学模型、理论和假设。测量过程是定量研究的核心,因为它提供了经验观察和定量关系的数学表达之间的基本联系。定量数据是指任何以数字形式出现的数据,如统计数字、百分比等。研究者在统计学的帮助下对数据进行分析,并希望这些数字能够产生一个无偏见的结果,从而可以推广到一些更大的人群中。而定性研究则是深入探究特定的经验,目的是通过文本、叙述或基于视觉的数据来描述和探索意义,形成该组参与者独有的主题。

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数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考|ETHNOGRAPHIC MICROANALYSIS

数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考|Methodological backgrounds

Participants in social interaction are continuously active: “That is, speakers are continuously doing verbal and non-verbal behavior and so are listeners, all addressing one another in varying kinds of ways” (Erickson, 2006, p. 573). People who interact are never completely aware of how they behave, and thus cannot simply be asked in an interview about practices they utilize when dealing with particular demands of social occasions: “The attention of participants in interaction is highly selective, habitual, and continually forgotten” (Erickson, 2006, p. 573). Starting from the ethnomethodological assumption that social interaction can be regarded as reality sui generis where participants “build in concert with each other the events that constitute their lifeworld” (Goodwin \& Goodwin, 2003, p. 241), microethnographers study how interaction enfolds as social ecology, as “a system of relations of mutual p. 573). Some core assumptions concerning the nature of face-to-face interaction are: (1) meaningfulness of communication, (2) objectivity of what is to be understood, (3) reflexivity of communicative action, and (4) sequentiality of action and interaction (Knoblauch \& Tuma, 2011).

Because a plurality of people in classrooms apply a wide range of multimodal resources as they interact, and because of the fleeting nature of those phenomena as well as the narrow scope of researcher’s attention and memory power, video recordings are used in order to study in great detail “how people interactively create and sustain the social and organizational realities that they inhabit” (LeBaron, 2008, p. 3120). First approaches of studying the complexity of face-to-face interaction using video records were made by Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, investigating the social life of Balinese in the 1930s (Jacknis, 1988). A second nucleus of studying the organization of social interaction by video consists in an interdisciplinary project of psychiatrists, anthropologists, and linguists between 1955 and 1968 , trying to transcribe the verbal and nonverbal conduct of an interview (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1987). Starting from these explorations, approaches of studying face-to-face interaction in classrooms using videos were developed interdisciplinarily, influenced by context analysis (Kendon, 1990), ethnography of communication (Gumperz \& Hymes, 1972), conversation analysis (Schenkein, 1978), as well as by studies on interaction order by Goffman (1966) and “various continental scholars who see communicative action as a discursive practice that manifests power relations among social actors” (Erickson, 1992, p. 203). Located in the 1970s, initial microethnographic studies of classroom interaction examine “processes of mutual social influence among face-to-face interactants, particularly in terms of how participants create context and make sense during their activities together in educational environments” (Garcez, 2008, p. 258; see for example Bremme \& Erickson,1977 or Erickson \& Shultz, 1977). Video based studies on social organization of face-to-face interaction in classrooms merge in the assumption that
face-to-face interaction $\ldots$ is governed by context-specific rules … activities have participation structures, with rights and obligations for participation … meaning is context specific . . frames of reference are developed over time and guide individual participation … [and] complex communicative demands are placed on both teachers and students by the diversity of classroom communicative structures.

数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考|Applicability and requirements

The structure of events microethnographers attempt to understand is quite complex. That is because a great number of participants are involved in classroom interaction, using a variety of verbal and nonverbal modalities in order to engage in different activities. Whereas ethnographic researchers deal with this information overload by spending time in the field, conducting participant observation, and producing fieldnotes, microethnographers deal with this problem “by spending time reviewing the audiovisual record” (Erickson, 1992, p. 208). Instead of repeatedly visiting the field and altering the focus of attention to understand the structure of recurrent events, researchers review video recordings of those events again and again.

To gain insights into the social organization of classroom events, it is necessary to record all those phenomena that are made relevant by the participants whilst they interactively produce those events. Because researchers cannot anticipate what matters in different classroom situations beforehand, the production of videos should consider the attention direction of the attendees in the field. That is why classroom video records are often produced with a two-camera-setup (Hall, 2007): one directed towards the teacher, the other one directed towards the group – taking the vis-à-vis arrangement into account that characterizes a great number of classroom situations. To generate an overview of classroom interaction, thus enabling researchers to select a site for examining different aspects of social organization, requirements for using video records as a primary research document are “(1) visual framing that is consistent across time (not zooming in and out and panning from side to side for narrative emphasis), (2) a clear picture, and (3) a clear sound” (Erickson, 1992, p. 214).

Using video records as a primary research document first means: watching the record in real time, accelerated, decelerated, and especially repeatedly in order to understand particular aspects of social organization in classroom interaction. It second means that video data are used as a resource for data construction. In order to carefully comprehend what and how participants speak to each other or to register spatial positionings, attention directions, or nonverbal gestures that constitute their actions, video data is processed into different kinds of data (e.g., transcripts,
14 Matthias Herrle
stills, sketches), depending on the research question and on the behavior that is made relevant by the actors. However, it is neither advisable nor possible to apply every form of data processing when one examines classroom interaction by video records. Data processing should rather be used selectively, depending on the aspect of social organization researchers attempt to understand or showcase in scientific contributions.

Ethnographic microanalysis of interaction in classrooms goes along with challenges of getting in touch with the field. It should be anticipated that learners or teachers sometimes fear potential embarrassment. Thus, researchers need to explain their purpose and obtain informed consent from everyone who participates in the recording (e.g., teachers and learners) or who is accountable for participants and things happening in the classroom (e.g., parents of underage children, headmasters, relevant governmental departments) – considering ethical and legal requirements of the particular setting (Derry, Hickey, \& Koschmann, 2007; Heath, Hindmarsh, \& Luff, 2010).

数学代写|定量方法作业代写QUANTITATIVE METHODS代考|Workflow

Conducting ethnographic microanalysis requires producing audiovisual records of naturally occurring interaction situations. In order to decide what kind of events should be recorded, visiting the field and carrying out preliminary participant observation seems helpful. Depending on the research question and on events happening in the field, one starts with collecting video data of relevant phenomena. The number and selectivity of collected classroom situations depends on intended results of the analysis. The data collection should enable to identify a scope of different variants of the examined phenomenon in the setting (e.g., an interactional pattern or practice in dealing with particular demands of interaction organization) by minimal or maximal contrast (Glaser \& Strauss, 1977). Moreover, the collection should make it possible to assess whether the examined practice or pattern can be regarded as an ordinary or extraordinary variant in dealing with particular demands of interaction organization in the examined social context (Erickson, 1992; Knoblauch \& Tuma, 2011).

Interaction in classrooms is organized hierarchically in real time,”with the whole event divisible (both by analysts and by participants in the event) into constituent subevents or activities that are in turn divisible into smaller units of action” (Erickson, 1982, p. 217). Based on this assumption, the video analysis moves from “the event as whole to increasingly small constituent elements” (Erickson, 1982, p. 218). In the following, two strategies of data analysis are introduced that are applied in this research process (Herrle \& Dinkelaker, 2016). First, they allow the researcher to generate an overview on the conduct of interaction in classrooms (segmentation analysis). Second, they allow the researcher to generate fine-grained insights into the social organization of practices or patterns and their function and meaning (sequential analysis).

数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考|ETHNOGRAPHIC MICROANALYSIS

定量方法代写

数学代写|定量方法作业代写QUANTITATIVE METHODS代考|METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDS

社交互动中的参与者持续活跃:“也就是说,说话者不断地做出语言和非语言行为,听者也是如此,都以不同的方式相互交谈”和r一世Cķs这n,2006,p.573. 互动的人永远不会完全意识到他们的行为方式,因此不能简单地在采访中询问他们在处理社交场合的特定需求时所采用的做法:“互动参与者的注意力是高度选择性的、习惯性的,并且不断被遗忘”和r一世Cķs这n,2006,p.573. 从人种方法论的假设出发,即社会互动可以被视为自成一格的现实,参与者“共同构建构成他们生活世界的事件”G这这d在一世n&G这这d在一世n,2003,p.241, 微观民族志学家研究互动如何作为社会生态学, 作为“一个相互 p 的关系系统。573)。关于面对面互动性质的一些核心假设是:1沟通的意义,2理解的客观性,3交际行为的反身性,以及4行动和互动的顺序ķn这bl一种在CH&吨在米一种,2011.

由于课堂上的多人在互动时使用了广泛的多模式资源,并且由于这些现象的短暂性以及研究人员的注意力和记忆力范围狭窄,因此使用视频记录以进行大量学习详细说明“人们如何以交互方式创造和维持他们所居住的社会和组织现实”大号和乙一种r这n,2008,p.3120. 格雷戈里·贝特森(Gregory Bateson)和玛格丽特·米德(Margaret Mead)提出了使用视频记录研究面对面互动复杂性的第一种方法,他们调查了 1930 年代巴厘岛人的社会生活Ĵ一种Cķn一世s,1988. 通过视频研究社会互动组织的第二个核心是 1955 年至 1968 年间精神病学家、人类学家和语言学家的一个跨学科项目,试图转录采访的语言和非语言行为大号和和ds−H在r在一世吨和,1987. 从这些探索开始,在情境分析的影响下,跨学科发展了使用视频研究课堂面对面互动的方法ķ和nd这n,1990, 交流民族志G在米p和r和&H是米和s,1972, 会话分析小号CH和nķ和一世n,1978,以及戈夫曼对交互顺序的研究1966以及“将交流行为视为体现社会行为者之间权力关系的话语实践的各种大陆学者”和r一世Cķs这n,1992,p.203. 最初的课堂互动微观民族志研究位于 1970 年代,研究“面对面互动者之间相互社会影响的过程,特别是参与者如何在教育环境中一起活动期间创造背景和意义”G一种rC和和,2008,p.258;s和和F这r和X一种米pl和乙r和米米和&和r一世Cķs这n,1977这r和r一世Cķs这n&小号H在l吨和,1977.
基于视频的课堂面对面互动的社会组织研究融合在面对面互动的假设中…受特定上下文规则的约束……活动具有参与结构,具有参与的权利和义务……含义是特定于上下文的。. 参考框架随着时间的推移而发展起来,并指导个人参与……一种nd课堂交际结构的多样性对教师和学生都提出了复杂的交际需求。

数学代写|定量方法作业代写QUANTITATIVE METHODS代考|APPLICABILITY AND REQUIREMENTS

微观民族志学家试图理解的事件结构相当复杂。这是因为大量的参与者参与课堂互动,使用各种语言和非语言方式参与不同的活动。民族志研究人员通过在现场花费时间、进行参与者观察和制作实地记录来处理这种信息过载,而微观民族志研究人员则通过“花时间审查视听记录”来解决这个问题和r一世Cķs这n,1992,p.208. 研究人员没有反复访问该领域并改变关注焦点以了解重复事件的结构,而是一次又一次地查看这些事件的视频记录。

为了深入了解课堂活动的社会组织,有必要记录参与者在互动产生这些事件时所产生的所有相关现象。由于研究人员无法事先预测在不同的课堂情况下什么是重要的,因此视频的制作应考虑现场参与者的注意力方向。这就是为什么课堂视频记录通常使用两个摄像头设置制作的原因H一种ll,2007:一个针对老师,另一个针对小组——考虑到大量课堂情况的相对安排。为了生成课堂互动的概述,从而使研究人员能够选择一个站点来检查社会组织的不同方面,使用视频记录作为主要研究文件的要求是“1跨时间一致的视觉框架n这吨和这这米一世nG一世n一种nd这在吨一种ndp一种nn一世nGFr这米s一世d和吨这s一世d和F这rn一种rr一种吨一世在和和米pH一种s一世s, 2清晰的画面,以及3清晰的声音”和r一世Cķs这n,1992,p.214.

使用视频记录作为主要研究文件首先意味着:实时观看记录,加速,减速,尤其是反复观看,以了解课堂互动中社会组织的特定方面。二是视频数据作为数据构建的资源。为了仔细理解参与者说话的内容和方式,或记录构成其行为的空间定位、注意力方向或非语言手势,视频数据被处理成不同类型的数据和.G.,吨r一种nsCr一世p吨s,14米一种吨吨H一世一种sH和rrl和s吨一世lls,sķ和吨CH和s,取决于研究问题和参与者做出的相关行为。然而,当一个人通过视频记录检查课堂互动时,既不建议也不可能应用所有形式的数据处理。数据处理应该有选择地使用,这取决于研究人员试图理解或展示科学贡献的社会组织方面。

对课堂互动的民族志微观分析伴随着与该领域取得联系的挑战。应该预料到,学习者或教师有时会害怕潜在的尴尬。因此,研究人员需要解释他们的目的并获得参与记录的每个人的知情同意和.G.,吨和一种CH和rs一种ndl和一种rn和rs或谁对课堂上发生的参与者和事情负责和.G.,p一种r和n吨s这F在nd和r一种G和CH一世ldr和n,H和一种d米一种s吨和rs,r和l和在一种n吨G这在和rn米和n吨一种ld和p一种r吨米和n吨s– 考虑特定环境的道德和法律要求D和rr是,H一世Cķ和是,&ķ这sCH米一种nn,2007;H和一种吨H,H一世nd米一种rsH,&大号在FF,2010.

数学代写|定量方法作业代写QUANTITATIVE METHODS代考|WORKFLOW

进行民族志微观分析需要对自然发生的互动情况进行视听记录。为了决定应该记录什么样的事件,实地考察并进行初步的参与观察似乎很有帮助。根据研究问题和该领域发生的事件,首先要收集相关现象的视频数据。收集的课堂情境的数量和选择性取决于分析的预期结果。数据收集应能够识别环境中所检查现象的不同变体的范围和.G.,一种n一世n吨和r一种C吨一世这n一种lp一种吨吨和rn这rpr一种C吨一世C和一世nd和一种l一世nG在一世吨Hp一种r吨一世C在l一种rd和米一种nds这F一世n吨和r一种C吨一世这n这rG一种n一世和一种吨一世这n通过最小或最大对比度Gl一种s和r&小号吨r一种在ss,1977. 此外,该集合应该能够评估所研究的实践或模式是否可以被视为在所研究的社会背景下处理互动组织的特定需求时的普通或非同寻常的变体和r一世Cķs这n,1992;ķn这bl一种在CH&吨在米一种,2011.

课堂中的互动是实时分层组织的,“整个事件可分割b这吨Hb是一种n一种l是s吨s一种ndb是p一种r吨一世C一世p一种n吨s一世n吨H和和在和n吨分解成更小的行动单元和r一世Cķs这n,1982,p.217. 基于这个假设,视频分析从“事件整体转向越来越小的组成元素”和r一世Cķs这n,1982,p.218. 下面介绍在本研究过程中应用的两种数据分析策略H和rrl和&D一世nķ和l一种ķ和r,2016. 首先,它们允许研究人员生成关于课堂互动行为的概述s和G米和n吨一种吨一世这n一种n一种l是s一世s. 其次,它们允许研究人员对实践或模式的社会组织及其功能和意义产生细粒度的见解s和q在和n吨一世一种l一种n一种l是s一世s.

数学代写|定量方法作业代写Quantitative Methods代考

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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