如果你也在 怎样代写高级财务会计adv Financial Accounting ACCTING2501这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。高级财务会计adv Financial Accounting是会计的一个具体分支,涉及记录、总结和报告一段时期内企业经营所产生的无数交易的过程。这些交易被总结为财务报表的编制,包括资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表,这些报表记录了公司在特定时期的经营业绩。
高级财务会计adv Financial Accounting是与企业相关的财务交易的总结、分析和报告有关的会计领域。这涉及到编制供公众使用的财务报表。股东、供应商、银行、雇员、政府机构、企业主和其他利益相关者都是有兴趣收到这些信息用于决策的例子。
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会计代写|高级财务会计代考adv Financial Accounting代写|What is profit?
The layperson has no doubt about the way in which the question ‘What is profit?’ should be answered. Profit is the difference between the cost of providing goods or services and the revenue derived from their sale. If a greengrocer can sell for $10 \mathrm{p}$ an apple which cost him $6 \mathrm{p}$, his profit must be $4 \mathrm{p}$. Accountants also used to inhabit this seemingly comfortable world of simplicity, but they are now aware that such a world is not only uncomfortable but possibly dangerous. We can perhaps agree that profit is the difference between cost and revenue, but there is more than one way of measuring cost. Historical cost – the cost of acquisition – is only one alternative, which may indeed be one of the least helpful for many purposes. Furthermore, it is not even obvious that we should measure the difference between costs and revenue in monetary terms – actual pounds – for another unit of measurement has been suggested: the purchasing power of pounds.
In order to answer the question ‘what is profit?’ it is perhaps best to start by considering the most useful of hypothetical examples in accounting theory – the barrow boy who trades for cash and rents his barrow.
Consider such a barrow boy whose only asset at the start of a day’s trading is cash of $£ 2000$. Let us suppose that he rents a barrow and a pitch for the day which together cost him $£ 20$. Let us further assume that he spends $£ 150$ in the wholesale market for a barrow-load of vegetables, all of which are sold for $£ 240$. The trader therefore ends the day with cash of $£ 2070$ and we can all agree that the profit for that day’s trading is $£ 70 .{ }^1$ In other words we have taken the barrow boy’s profit to be the increase in monetary wealth resulting from his trading activities.
Let us extend the illustration by supposing that the barrow boy has changed the style of his operation. He now owns his barrow and trades in household sundries of which he can maintain a stock. If we wish to continue to apply the same principle as before in calculating his profit, we would need to measure his assets at the beginning and the end of each day. Thus we would need to place a value on his stock and his barrow at these two points of time as well as counting his cash.
会计代写|高级财务会计代考adv Financial Accounting代写|Present value of the business
We will assume that readers are familiar with the principles and mechanics of discounted cash flow techniques.
The present-value approach is based on the assumption that the owner of a business is only interested in the pecuniary benefits that will accrue from its ownership (‘I am only in it for the money’). Well-offness at any balance sheet date is then measured by the present value of the expected future net cash flows at that date and profit for the period is the difference between the present values at the beginning and end of the period after adjustment for injections and withdrawals.
This requires some formidable problems of estimation of both cash flows and appropriate discount rates, but such estimates are made either explicitly or implicitly (usually the latter) when businesses or individual assets are bought and sold. The present-value approach is an important and useful one when applied to the valuation of businesses or shares in a business in order to determine whether their sale or purchase would be worthwhile at a given price. It may well be thought, however, that the problems of estimation are such as to render the approach unsuitable for the measurement of an entity’s periodic profit on a regular basis, specifically given the qualitative characteristics of financial information discussed in Chapter 1. But there is a more fundamental objection to the use of this method for financial accounting in that it is agreed that the regular reporting of profits should not be based solely on future expectations. The present-value approach is, of course, based entirely on expectations of the future and depends on decisions involving the way in which assets will be employed. It is argued that one of the objectives of accounting is to aid decision making and it is hardly appropriate if the fundamental measure of profit is based on the assumption that all decisions have already been made. This point was made by Edwards and Bell, who wrote:
A concept of profit which measures truly and realistically the extent to which past decisions have been right or wrong and thus aids in the formulation of new ones is required. And since rightness or wrongness must, eventually, be checked in the market place, it is changes in market values of one kind or another which should dominate accounting objectives. ${ }^6$
This quotation provides a neat introduction to the asset-by-asset approach.
高级财务会计
会计代写|高级财务会计代考ADV FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING代写|WHAT IS PROFIT?
外行毫不怀疑“什么是利润?”这个问题的方式。应该回答。利润是提供商品或服务的成本与其销售收入之间的差额。如果蔬菜水果商可以卖10p一个让他付出代价的苹果6p,他的利润一定是4p. 会计师也曾经居住在这个看似舒适的简单世界中,但他们现在意识到这样的世界不仅不舒服,而且可能很危险。我们或许可以同意利润是成本和收入之间的差额,但衡量成本的方法不止一种。历史成本——购置成本——只是一种选择,对于许多目的来说,它可能确实是最没有帮助的一种。此外,我们甚至不应该用货币(实际英镑)来衡量成本和收入之间的差异,因为有人提出了另一种衡量单位:英镑的购买力。
为了回答“什么是利润?”这个问题。最好先考虑会计理论中最有用的假设例子——用现金交易并租用他的手推车的手推车男孩。
考虑这样一个手推车男孩,他在一天交易开始时唯一的资产是现金££2000. 让我们假设他租了一辆手推车和一个球场,这加起来花了他的钱。££20. 让我们进一步假设他花费££150在批发市场上买一手推车的蔬菜,全部卖££240. 因此,交易者以现金结束一天££2070我们都同意当天交易的利润是££70.1换句话说,我们将手推车男孩的利润视为他的交易活动带来的货币财富增加。
让我们通过假设手推车男孩改变了他的操作方式来扩展这个例子。他现在拥有自己的手推车并交易他可以维持库存的家庭杂货。如果我们希望在计算他的利润时继续应用与以前相同的原则,我们需要在每天的开始和结束时测量他的资产。因此,我们需要在这两个时间点对他的股票和手推车进行估值,并计算他的现金。
会计代写|高级财务会计代考ADV FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING代写|PRESENT VALUE OF THE BUSINESS
我们假设读者熟悉贴现现金流技术的原理和机制。
现值法基于以下假设:企业所有者只对其所有权产生的金钱利益感兴趣‘我一个米○nl是一世n一世吨F○r吨H和米○n和是′. 然后,任何资产负债表日的富裕程度以该日的预期未来净现金流量的现值来衡量,期间的利润是在调整注入和调整后的期初和期末现值之间的差额提款。
这需要在估计现金流和适当的贴现率方面遇到一些棘手的问题,但这些估计要么是明确的,要么是隐含的在s在一个ll是吨H和l一个吨吨和r当买卖企业或个人资产时。当应用于企业或企业股份的估值时,现值方法是一种重要且有用的方法,以确定在给定价格下其出售或购买是否值得。然而,很可能会认为,估计问题使得该方法不适合定期计量实体的定期利润,特别是考虑到第 1 章讨论的财务信息的定性特征。对使用这种方法进行财务会计的一个更根本的反对意见是,人们同意定期报告利润不应仅仅基于未来的预期。当然,现值方法是 完全基于对未来的预期,并取决于涉及资产使用方式的决策。有人认为,会计的目标之一是帮助决策制定,如果利润的基本衡量标准是基于所有决策都已经做出的假设,这是不合适的。这一点是由 Edwards 和 Bell 提出的,他们写道:
需要一个利润概念,真实和现实地衡量过去决策的正确或错误程度,从而帮助制定新的决策。而且由于最终必须在市场上检查正确或错误,因此一种或另一种市场价值的变化应该主导会计目标。6
该引文对逐项资产方法进行了简洁的介绍。
会计代写|高级财务会计代考adv Financial Accounting代写 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。