如果你也在 怎样代写微观经济学Microeconomics ECON3503这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。微观经济学Microeconomics是主流经济学的一个分支，研究个人和公司在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和公司之间的互动。微观经济学侧重于研究单个市场、部门或行业，而不是宏观经济学所研究的整个国民经济。

微观经济学Microeconomic的一个目标是分析在商品和服务之间建立相对价格的市场机制，并在各种用途之间分配有限资源。微观经济学显示了自由市场导致理想分配的条件。它还分析了市场失灵，即市场未能产生有效的结果。微观经济学关注公司和个人，而宏观经济学则关注经济活动的总和，处理增长、通货膨胀和失业问题以及与这些问题有关的国家政策。微观经济学还处理经济政策（如改变税收水平）对微观经济行为的影响，从而对经济的上述方面产生影响。

同学们在留学期间，都对各式各样的作业考试很是头疼，如果你无从下手，不如考虑my-assignmentexpert™！

my-assignmentexpert™提供最专业的一站式服务：Essay代写，Dissertation代写，Assignment代写，Paper代写，Proposal代写，Proposal代写，Literature Review代写，Online Course，Exam代考等等。my-assignmentexpert™专注为留学生提供Essay代写服务，拥有各个专业的博硕教师团队帮您代写，免费修改及辅导，保证成果完成的效率和质量。同时有多家检测平台帐号，包括Turnitin高级账户，检测论文不会留痕，写好后检测修改，放心可靠，经得起任何考验！

想知道您作业确定的价格吗? 免费下单以相关学科的专家能了解具体的要求之后在1-3个小时就提出价格。专家的 报价比上列的价格能便宜好几倍。

我们在经济Economy代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的经济Economy代写服务。我们的专家在微观经济学Microeconomics代写方面经验极为丰富，各种微观经济学Microeconomics相关的作业也就用不着 说。

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Procedures of selection

The decision-maker must choose an action according to his opportunities and preferences, and according to his expectations. If a prediction of the future state of Nature is available to him and if his preferences can be reduced to a synthetic utility function, he can perform a maximisation of his action. But he may renounce this optimisation by simply favoring actions with a high utility and ignoring the others, without seeking exclusively the action with the maximal utility. If a prediction of the future state is available to him and if his preferences are expressed in terms of multiple criteria, he must implement one “multicriteria rule” from among a set of such rules. He may also consider an “aspiration threshold” on these partial criteria, and choose an action when its effects exceed this aspiration threshold. If he does not have a prediction of the future state at his disposal, but he does have an index of the utility of actions, he contents himself with strengthening the actions that have performed well in the past and inhibiting those that have performed poorly.

As with his beliefs, the decision-maker can also adjust his opportunities and preferences over the passage of time. On the one hand, he may modify his set of choices by incorporating new strategies. In particular, he may carry out actions related to those he has already tested with success. On the other hand, he may adapt his preferences according to the past utilities he has actually obtained with his actions and which may differ from his expectations. In particular, he may raise or lower his aspiration thresholds according to the ease with which he has attained them in the past. He will, of course, bring his index up to date using his most recent observations of the state produced and the utility obtained. Lastly, he may modify his rule of choice itself, if he feels that he is “locked in” to an action that is performing poorly compared with an external reference (bearing in mind that he does not know how far he is from a possible optimum) or if he observes that the environment is evolving significantly.

The term “adaptive rationality” is sometimes used to explain the way in which the decision-maker modifies his choice rules with the help of metarules, during a learning process which operates on several functional levels (a higher rule acts on lower rules) and several temporal levels (a higher rule changes more slowly than a lower rule). In practice, it is not very easy to distinguish between rules and meta-rules, insofar as the former already incorporate a process of adaptation to the environment, even if its structural characteristics, unlike its parameters, remain fixed. Of course, metarules, even more than rules, originate in a rationality that is both procedural and limited, and they are themselves chosen by imitation of the rules adopted by others or by reinforcement in relation to their effectiveness. They also raise the problem of innovation of rules, insofar as the modeler always presupposes the availability of a fixed set of rules, whereas the agent does not consider them all at the same time and is obliged to favour certain ones, even if this means renewing them.

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|The value of information

Consider a decision process which can be broken down into two periods. In the first period, the decision-maker acquires factual information about the state of nature in the form of a message (from a set of possible messages) considered to be true. If the message is all-or-nothing, it marks out a subset of states for each state, whereas if it is probabilist, it is characterised by its conditional probability for each state, the limit being the situation in which the message specifies the state (certain message). In the second period, the decision-maker modifies his beliefs as a function of the message and chooses an action accordingly. The ex post value of the information is simply the difference in the utility obtained by the agent depending on whether the chosen decision is taken before or after reception of the message. The ex ante value of the information is the expected ex post values for all the possible states (and messages), in other words calculated on average before knowing the message actually received. The decision maker consequently chooses to gather the information if its ex ante value is higher than its cost (inasmuch as he can calculate this value).

The ex post value of the (non certain) information can be positive or negative. The decision-maker may receive an improbable message that incites him to make a bad decision. On the contrary, a fundamental result affirms that the ex ante value of the information is always positive if the decision-maker uses the maximisation of expected utility as his choice rule. This means that the decision-maker, having received a (true) item of information, cannot find himself in a worse situation than the one he was in before receiving it. However, this result is invalidated if the decisionmaker uses a choice rule other than the maximisation of expected utility. It is also invalidated if the message takes a form other than that described (non-partitional all-or-nothing message, probabilist message with nonadditive probabilities).

微观经济学代写

经济代写|微观经济学代考MICROECONOMICS代写|PROCEDURES OF SELECTION

决策者必须根据自己的机会和偏好，并根据自己的期望选择行动。如果他可以预测自然界的未来状态，并且如果他的偏好可以简化为综合效用函数，他就可以最大化他的行动。但是他可能会通过简单地支持具有高效用的动作而忽略其他动作来放弃这种优化，而不是只寻求具有最大效用的动作。如果他可以获得对未来状态的预测，并且如果他的偏好是根据多个标准来表达的，那么他必须从一组这样的规则中实施一个“多标准规则”。他还可以在这些部分标准上考虑一个“愿望阈值”，并在其效果超过这个愿望阈值时选择一个动作。

与他的信念一样，决策者也可以随着时间的推移调整他的机会和偏好。一方面，他可能会通过采用新策略来修改他的选择集。特别是，他可能会执行与他已经成功测试的那些相关的操作。另一方面，他可能会根据过去他的行为实际获得的效用调整自己的偏好，这可能与他的预期不同。特别是，他可能会根据他过去达到这些阈值的难易程度来提高或降低他的愿望阈值。当然，他将使用他最近对生产状态和获得的效用的观察来更新他的指数。最后，他可能会修改自己的选择规则，

“适应性理性”一词有时用于解释决策者在元规则的帮助下修改其选择规则的方式，在学习过程中，该学习过程在多个功能级别（较高的规则作用于较低的规则）和多个功能级别上运行时间级别（较高的规则比较低的规则变化得更慢）。实际上，很难区分规则和元规则，因为前者已经包含了适应环境的过程，即使其结构特征与其参数不同，保持不变。当然，元规则，甚至比规则更源于一种既是程序性又是有限的合理性，它们本身是通过模仿他人采用的规则或通过与其有效性相关的强化来选择的。

经济代写|微观经济学代考MICROECONOMICS代写|THE VALUE OF INFORMATION

考虑一个可以分解为两个阶段的决策过程。在第一阶段，决策者以被认为是真实的消息（来自一组可能的消息）的形式获取有关自然状态的事实信息。如果消息是全有或全无，则它为每个状态标记出状态的子集，而如果它是概率的，则其特征在于每个状态的条件概率，限制是消息指定状态的情况（某些消息）。在第二个时期，决策者根据消息修改他的信念并相应地选择行动。信息的事后价值只是代理获得的效用的差异，这取决于所选择的决定是在接收消息之前还是之后做出的。信息的事前值是所有可能状态（和消息）的预期事后值，换句话说，在知道实际收到的消息之前平均计算。因此，如果信息的事前价值高于其成本（只要他可以计算出该价值），决策者就会选择收集信息。

（不确定的）信息的事后价值可以是正面的或负面的。决策者可能会收到一条不太可能的消息，促使他做出错误的决定。相反，一个基本结果表明，如果决策者使用期望效用最大化作为他的选择规则，则信息的事前价值总是正的。这意味着决策者在收到一条（真实的）信息后，不会发现自己处在比收到这条信息之前更糟糕的境地。但是，如果决策者使用期望效用最大化以外的选择规则，则该结果无效。如果消息采用不同于所描述的形式（非分区全有或全无消息，具有非加性概率的概率消息），它也会无效。

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支，研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富，各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支，涉及线性方程，如：线性图，如：以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼（John von Neumann）提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理，这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后，1944年，他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩（Oskar Morgenstern）共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书，该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论，使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分，最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”，是对连续变化的数学研究，就像几何学是对形状的研究，而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支，微分和积分；微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率，而积分涉及数量的累积，以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系，它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学？
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用，使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设，并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验，然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣，还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣，计量经济学可以细分为两大类：理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。