如果你也在 怎样代写管理会计Management Accounting ACCT6008这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。管理会计Management Accounting为组织的内部管理部门、其雇员、经理和行政人员提供财务信息,以便为决策提供依据并提高绩效。换句话说,管理会计师是战略伙伴。在管理会计或管理会计中,管理人员在决策中使用会计信息,并协助管理和履行其控制职能。
管理会计 Management Accounting的一个简单定义是向管理人员提供财务和非财务决策信息。换句话说,管理会计帮助组织内部的董事进行决策。这也可以被称为成本会计。这是区分、检查、破译和向主管人员传授数据的方式,以帮助完成商业目标。收集的信息包括所有领域的会计,教育行政部门识别财务支出和组织决策的业务任务。会计师使用计划来衡量组织内的整体运营战略。
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会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|HOW BUDGETS LINK TO ONE ANOTHER
A typical larger business will prepare more than one budget for a particular period. Each budget prepared will relate to a specific aspect of its operations. The ideal situation is probably that there should be a separate operating budget for each person who is in a managerial position, no matter how junior. The contents of each of the individual operating budgets will be summarised in master budgets, usually consisting of a budgeted income statement and statement of financial position (balance sheet). The cash budget is considered by some to be a third master budget.
Figure 6.2 illustrates the interrelationship and interlinking of individual operating budgets, in this particular case using a manufacturing business as an example.The sales budget is usually the first to be prepared at the left of Figure 6.2, as the level of sales often determines the overall level of activity for the forthcoming period. This is because sales demand is probably the most common limiting factor. The finished inventories requirement tends to be set by the level of sales, though it would also be dictated by the policy of the business on the level of the finished products inventories that it chooses to hold. The requirement for finished inventories will determine the required production levels, which will, in turn,dictate the requirements of the individual production departments or sections. The demands of manufacturing, in conjunction with the business’s policy on how long it holds raw materials before they enter production, define the raw materials inventories budget. The purchases budget will be dictated by the materials inventories budget, which will, in conjunction with the policy of the business on taking credit from suppliers, dictate the trade payables budget. One of the determinants of the cash budget will be the trade payables budget; another will be the trade receivables budget, which itself derives, through the business’s policy on settlement periods granted to credit customers, from the sales budget. Cash will also be affected by
overheads and direct labour costs (themselves linked to production) and by capital expenditure. Cash will also be affected by new finance and redemption of existing sources. This is not shown in Figure 6.2 because the diagram focuses only on budgets concerned with operational matters. The factors that affect policies on matters such as inventories holding, trade receivables collection and trade payables settlement periods will be discussed in some detail in Chapter 12.
会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考|HOW BUDGETS HELP MANAGERS
Budgets are generally regarded as having five areas of usefulness. These are:
■ Budgets promote forward thinking and the identification of short-term problems. We have seen that a shortage of production capacity might be identified during the budgeting process. Making this discovery in good time could leave open a number of ways of overcoming the problem. If the potential production problem is picked up early enough, all of the suggestions in the answer to Activity 6.4 and, possibly, other ways of overcoming the problem
can be explored. Identifying the problem early gives managers time for calm and rational consideration of the best way of overcoming it. The best solution may only be feasible if action can be taken well in advance.
■ Budgets can help coordination between the various sections of the business. It is crucially important that the activities of the various departments and sections of the business are linked so that the activities of one are complementary to those of another. As we saw when considering Figure 6.2, the activities of the purchasing/procurement department of a manufacturing business, for example, should dovetail with the raw materials needs of the production departments. If they do not, production could run out of raw materials, leading
to expensive production stoppages or excessive amounts of raw materials could be bought, leading to large and unnecessary inventories holding costs. We shall see how this coordination works in practice later in this chapter.
■ Budgets can motivate managers to better performance. Having a stated task can motivate managers and staff in their performance. Simply telling managers to do their best is probably not very motivating, but setting a required level of achievement is more likely to be so. Managers will be better motivated by being able to relate their particular role to the business’s overall objectives. Since budgets are directly derived from strategic objectives, budgeting makes this possible. It is not feasible to allow managers to operate in an unconstrained environment. Having to operate in a way that matches the goals of the business is a price of working in an effective business.
■ Budgets can provide a basis for a system of control. As we saw earlier in the chapter, control is concerned with ensuring that events conform to plans. If managers wish to control and to monitor their own performance, and that of their more junior staff, they need some yardstick against which to measure and assess it. Current performance might be compared with past performance or perhaps with what happens in another business. However, planned performance is usually the best yardstick. If there is information available concerning the actual
performance for a period, and this can be compared with the planned performance, then a basis for control will have been established. There is an opportunity to use management by exception, an approach where senior managers can spend most of their time dealing with those staff or activities that have failed to achieve the budget (the exceptions). They do not have to spend too much time on those where actual performance conforms to plan.
Effective budgets allow all managers to exercise self-control. By knowing what is expected of them and what they have actually achieved, they can assess how well they are performing and take steps to correct matters where they are failing to achieve.
■ Budgets can provide a system of authorisation for managers to spend up to a particular limit. Some activities for example, staff development and research and development are allocated a fixed amount of funds at the discretion of senior management. This provides the authority to spend.
管理会计代写
会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考|HOW BUDGETS LINK TO ONE ANOTHER
典型的大型企业会为特定时期准备多个预算。编制的每份预算都将与其业务的特定方面相关。理想的情况可能是每个处于管理职位的人都应该有一个单独的运营预算,无论其资历如何。每个单独的运营预算的内容将汇总在总预算中,通常由预算损益表和财务状况表组成. 现金预算被一些人认为是第三个总预算。
图 6.2 说明了各个运营预算的相互关系和相互联系,在此特定情况下以制造企业为例。销售预算通常是图 6.2 左侧最先准备的,因为销售水平通常决定整体下一时期的活动水平。这是因为销售需求可能是最常见的限制因素。成品库存要求往往由销售水平决定,但也取决于企业选择持有的成品库存水平的政策。对成品库存的需求将决定所需的生产水平,进而决定各个生产部门或部门的需求。制造业的需求,结合企业在原材料进入生产前保留多长时间的政策,定义原材料库存预算。采购预算将由材料库存预算决定,这将与企业从供应商处获得信贷的政策一起决定贸易应付账款预算。现金预算的决定因素之一是贸易应付账款预算;另一个是贸易应收账款预算,它本身是通过企业关于授予信贷客户的结算期限的政策从销售预算中得出的。现金也会受到影响 结合企业从供应商那里获取信贷的政策,规定贸易应付账款预算。现金预算的决定因素之一是贸易应付账款预算;另一个是贸易应收账款预算,它本身是通过企业关于授予信贷客户的结算期限的政策从销售预算中得出的。现金也会受到影响 结合企业从供应商那里获取信贷的政策,规定贸易应付账款预算。现金预算的决定因素之一是贸易应付账款预算;另一个是贸易应收账款预算,它本身是通过企业关于授予信贷客户的结算期限的政策从销售预算中得出的。现金也会受到影响
管理费用和直接人工成本和资本支出。现金也将受到新融资和现有资源赎回的影响。这没有在图 6.2 中显示,因为该图仅关注与运营事项相关的预算。第 12 章将详细讨论影响库存持有、贸易应收账款收取和贸易应付账款结算期等政策的因素。
会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考|HOW BUDGETS HELP MANAGERS
预算通常被认为有五个有用的领域。它们是:
■ 预算促进前瞻性思维和对短期问题的识别。我们已经看到,在预算编制过程中可能会发现产能短缺。及时做出这一发现可能会留下许多解决问题的方法。如果足够早地发现潜在的生产问题,就
可以探索活动 6.4 答案中的所有建议,以及可能的其他解决问题的方法。及早发现问题可以让管理人员有时间冷静和理性地考虑克服问题的最佳方法。最好的解决方案只有在能够提前采取行动的情况下才可行。
■ 预算有助于协调企业各部门之间的关系。将企业的各个部门和部门的活动联系起来至关重要,这样一个部门的活动就可以与另一个部门的活动相辅相成。正如我们在考虑图 6.2 时看到的那样,例如,制造企业的采购/采购部门的活动应该与生产部门的原材料需求相吻合。如果他们不这样做,生产可能会耗尽原材料,导致
代价高昂的生产停工,或者可能会购买过多的原材料,从而导致大量不必要的库存持有成本。我们将在本章稍后部分看到这种协调在实践中是如何运作的。
■ 预算可以激励管理者提高绩效。有明确的任务可以激励经理和员工的绩效。简单地告诉经理们尽力而为可能不是很有激励作用,但设定所需的成就水平更有可能如此。通过将他们的特定角色与企业的总体目标联系起来,经理们会更有动力。由于预算直接来自战略目标,因此预算编制使这成为可能。让管理者在不受约束的环境中运作是不可行的。必须以符合企业目标的方式运营是在高效企业中工作的代价。
■ 预算可以为控制系统提供基础。正如我们在本章前面所看到的,控制与确保事件符合计划有关。如果管理人员希望控制和监控他们自己以及下级员工的绩效,他们就需要一些衡量和评估绩效的标准。可以将当前绩效与过去的绩效进行比较,或者与另一家企业发生的情况进行比较。然而,计划的绩效通常是最好的衡量标准。如果有关于实际情况的可用信息
一段时间内的绩效,并且可以将其与计划的绩效进行比较,那么控制的基础就已经建立了。有机会使用例外管理,高级管理人员可以将大部分时间花在处理那些未能实现预算的员工或活动上 他们不必在实际表现符合计划的那些方面花费太多时间。
有效的预算可以让所有的管理者进行自我控制。通过了解对他们的期望和他们实际取得的成就,他们可以评估他们的表现并采取措施纠正他们未能实现的问题。
■ 预算可以为管理人员提供一个授权系统,以在特定限额内支出。一些活动,例如员工发展和研发,由高级管理层酌情分配固定数额的资金。这提供了消费的权力。
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微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。