如果你也在 怎样代写微观经济学Microeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。微观经济学Microeconomics是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和公司在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和公司之间的互动。微观经济学侧重于研究单个市场、部门或行业,而不是宏观经济学所研究的整个国民经济。
微观经济学Microeconomic的一个目标是分析在商品和服务之间建立相对价格的市场机制,并在各种用途之间分配有限资源。微观经济学显示了自由市场导致理想分配的条件。它还分析了市场失灵,即市场未能产生有效的结果。微观经济学关注公司和个人,而宏观经济学则关注经济活动的总和,处理增长、通货膨胀和失业问题以及与这些问题有关的国家政策。微观经济学还处理经济政策(如改变税收水平)对微观经济行为的影响,从而对经济的上述方面产生影响。
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经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Informational and Moral Hazard Problems
The final case of market failure I want to address is caused by imperfect information. The perfectly competitive model assumes that individuals have perfect information about what they are buying. So, if they voluntarily buy a good, it is a reasonable presumption that they expect that they are making themselves better off by doing so. But what if the buyer doesn’t know everything there is to know about the product or servicethat is, they don’t have perfect information? Say someone convinces you that he is selling an expensive diamond and you buy it, only to find out later that it is actually just glass. Alternatively, say someone convinces you her used car is a cherry (in perfect condition). You buy it only to discover later that it is a lemon (faulty) and won’t run no matter what you do to it.
Real-world markets often involve deception, cheating, and inaccurate information. For example, car dealers often know about defects in the cars they sell but do not always reveal those defects to consumers. Another example is when consumers who want health insurance do not reveal their health problems to the insurance company. In both cases, it is in the interest of the knowledgeable person not to reveal information that the other person or firm would need to know to make an informed decision about the transaction. Hence, imperfect information can be a cause of market failure.
Markets in goods where there is a lack of information or when buyers and sellers don’t have equal information may not work well. Let’s consider the used-car example more carefully to make the point. Let’s say that owners of used cars know everything about their cars, but buyers know nothing. If sellers are profit maximizers, they will reveal as little as possible about the cars’ defects; they will reveal as much as they can about the cars’ good qualities.
To make the example specific, let’s say also that only two types of cars exist: “lemons” that are worth $\$ 4,000$ and “cherries” that are worth $\$ 8,000$. The market initially consists of equal quantities of lemons and cherries. Say also that the buyers cannot distinguish between lemons and cherries. What will happen? Individuals, knowing that they have a 50 percent chance of buying a lemon, may well offer around $\$ 6,000$ (the average of $\$ 4,000$ and $\$ 8,000$ ). Given that price, individuals with cherries will be very hesitant to sell and individuals with lemons will be eager to sell. Eventually, buyers will recognize that the sellers of cherries have left the market. In the end only lemons will be offered for sale, and buyers will offer only $\$ 4,000$ with the expectation that cars offered will be lemons. When the market for cherries-good used cars-has disappeared, the result is a market failure.
经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Signaling and Screening
Informational problems can be partially resolved by signaling. Signaling refers to an action taken by an informed party that reveals information to an uninformed party that offsets the false signal that caused the adverse selection problem in the first place. Take the lemon problem with used cars. The adverse selection problem occurred because the individual’s act of selling the used car provided a signal to the buyer that the car was a lemon. Lowering the offering price of a car would provide an even stronger signal that the car is a lemon-buyers reasonably would equate low prices with low quality. But the false signal can be partially offset by a seller warranty-a guarantee to the buyer that the car is not a lemon. That’s why many used cars come with warranties. The warranty offers a signal to the buyer that the car is not a lemon.
In other cases it is harder to offset a false signal. Consider the plight of an unemployed worker. This person may be an excellent worker who, because she is unemployed, is willing to work for a low wage because she really needs the job. However, if she offers to work for a low wage, the firm may think that she must not be a very good worker. The knowledge that the firm may think that way may prevent her from offering to work at a low wage. So she remains unemployed even though, if there were full information, there is a wage at which she would like to work and at which the firm would like to hire her.
The informational problem can also be partially resolved by screening. Screening refers to an action taken by the uninformed party that induces the informed party to reveal information. Whereas signaling is an action taken by the informed party, screening is an action taken by the uninformed party. Take the car example. The person buying the car could ask the seller’s permission to take the car to a mechanic. If the seller says “no,” the car is likely a lemon. Another example is asking job applicants for references even if a company isn’t going to contact them.
微观经济学代写
经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Informational and Moral Hazard Problems
我想说的市场失灵的最后一个例子是由不完全信息引起的。完全竞争模型假设个人对他们购买的东西有完全的信息。因此,如果他们自愿购买一件商品,我们可以合理地推断,他们期望这样做会让自己过得更好。但是,如果买家不知道关于产品或服务的一切,也就是说,他们没有完美的信息,那该怎么办?比方说,有人让你相信他在卖一颗昂贵的钻石,你买了它,后来才发现它实际上只是玻璃。或者,假设有人告诉你她的二手车是一个樱桃(在完美的状态)。你买了它,后来才发现它是一个柠檬(有缺陷),无论你怎么做它都不会运行。现实世界的市场经常涉及欺骗、欺骗和不准确的信息。例如,汽车经销商通常知道他们销售的汽车的缺陷,但并不总是向消费者透露这些缺陷。另一个例子是,想要健康保险的消费者没有向保险公司透露他们的健康问题。在这两种情况下,知情者不透露其他人或公司需要知道的信息以对交易做出明智的决定是符合其利益的。因此,不完全信息可能是市场失灵的一个原因。商品市场缺乏信息,或者买卖双方信息不平等,可能无法很好地运作。让我们更仔细地考虑一下二手车的例子来说明这一点。假设二手车的车主对他们的车了如指掌,而买家却一无所知。如果卖家追求利润最大化,他们就会尽可能少地披露汽车的缺陷;他们将尽可能多地展示汽车的优良品质。
为了使这个例子更具体,我们也假设只有两种类型的汽车存在:价值$ $ 4,000美元的“柠檬”和价值$ $ 8,000美元的“樱桃”。市场最初由等量的柠檬和樱桃组成。还可以说,买家无法区分柠檬和樱桃。会发生什么?个人,知道他们有50%的机会买到柠檬,可能会提供大约$ $ 6,000美元($ $ 4,000美元和$ $ 8,000美元的平均值)。考虑到这个价格,拥有樱桃的个人会非常犹豫是否出售,而拥有柠檬的个人会急于出售。最终,买家会意识到樱桃的卖家已经离开了市场。最终,只有柠檬会被出售,买家只会出价4000美元,并期望出售的汽车会是柠檬。当樱桃这种优质二手车的市场消失时,结果就是市场失灵。
经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Signaling and Screening
2023/5000翻译通用场景
信息问题可以通过信令部分地解决。信号是指知情方采取的行动,向不知情方披露信息,从而抵消最初导致逆向选择问题的错误信号。以二手车的柠檬问题为例。逆向选择问题的发生是因为个人出售二手车的行为向买家发出了一个信号,即这辆车是一辆柠檬车。降低一辆车的售价会发出一个更强烈的信号,表明这辆车是一辆柠檬车——买家会合理地把低价格等同于低质量。但是错误的信号可以通过卖方的担保部分抵消——向买方保证这辆车不是柠檬。这就是为什么许多二手车都有保修期。保修单向购买者发出一个信号:这辆车不是劣质的。
在其他情况下,更难抵消错误信号。想想一个失业工人的困境。这个人可能是一个优秀的工人,因为她失业了,愿意以低工资工作,因为她真的需要这份工作。然而,如果她提出以低工资工作,公司可能会认为她一定不是一个很好的工人。知道公司可能会这么想,可能会阻止她提出以低工资工作。所以她仍然失业,即使,如果有充分的信息,她愿意工作的工资和公司愿意雇佣她的工资。
信息问题也可以通过筛选部分解决。筛选是指未被告知方采取的促使被告知方披露信息的行为。信令是被告知方采取的行动,而筛选是未被告知方采取的行动。以汽车为例。买车的人可以征得卖方的同意,把车送到修理工那里。如果卖家说“不”,这辆车很可能是一辆柠檬车。另一个例子是要求求职者提供推荐信,即使公司不打算联系他们。
经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。