如果你也在 怎样代写geography这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。geography是一个科学领域，致力于研究地球和行星的土地、特征、居民和现象。第一个使用γεωγραφία这个词的人是埃拉托色尼（公元前276-194年）。地理学是一门包罗万象的学科，它寻求对地球及其人类和自然的复杂性的理解–不仅仅是物体在哪里，还包括它们是如何变化和形成的。
geography通常被定义为两个分支：人文地理学和自然地理学。人文地理学关注的是对人及其社区、文化、经济的研究，以及通过研究他们与空间和地点的关系，与环境的相互作用。自然地理学关注的是对自然环境中的过程和模式的研究，如大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈。
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我们提供的geography及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:
非线性方法 nonlinear method functional analysis
变分法 Calculus of Variations
地理代写|geography代考|A History of Walls and Fences
Humans on all continents have been building walls for millennia. The main motive for their early construction was to defend city-states against armies of unwelcome nomadic neighbors. A large physical obstacle also served as a signal of political power, wealth, and strength, intended to deter future threats, a claim to land, and a way to define who belonged inside and who stayed out. The scale of walls has differed greatly throughout history, ranging from simple barriers between cities to massive fortifications between kingdoms.
One of the oldest known city, Jericho in modern-day Palestine, was walled as early as $8000 \mathrm{BC}$ (Encyclopedia Britannica 2019). The 600-meter long stone wall was built and improved over several hundred years. The wall had a tower and a long ditch, and was likely intended as protection against floods and raiders. The construction project required enormous amount of physical labor-excavating the ditch, cutting through solid rock for materials, and hauling the stone to assemble the wall itself. Economists today may wonder how our ancestors planned, organized, and managed such a sophisticated project with so little training in engineering. This was a time when humans were barely transitioning from hunters to farmers, did not yet use domesticated animals, and would not invent metal tools or the wheel for thousands of years. It is not clear what kind of manpower was used-communal labor, hired workers, or early slaves – or what type of surplus of an essential tradable resource the population of Jericho produced through mining or agricultural production to generate enough wealth to finance the wall.
地理代写|geography代考|Making Sense Out of Walls
Consider the construction of a border barrier from a costs-and-benefits perspective. Costs include electric lighting, roads, security equipment, and guards. A physical wall requires masonry foundations, steel, and concrete, which is relatively expensive, while barbed wire fences are cheaper. Resources spent on walls and border enforcement come with opportunity costs – they could have been directed to alternative uses, such as building better schools and improving cities.
Should a security wall be built to prevent the infiltration of terrorists? Terrorism is costly for an economy as it leads to loss of life and destabilizes investment in productive assets. For example, terrorist attacks committed by the Somalian terrorist group Al Shabaab have had a large negative impact on Kenya’s economy in recent years. ${ }^{10}$ A security fence may be justified in this case, even though Kenya does not have one. The costs of a security fence can be weighed against the benefits of preventing an attack for a country that faces threats from terrorism. One should keep in mind that historically, walls have not been effective against military attacks (Jones 2016). In recent times, most terrorist attacks in the US and Europe have been committed by legal residents “from within.” The strongest walls could not have stopped 9/11. Planes and missiles can fly over walls, tanks can smash them, and biological weapons, drones, and cyberattacks bypass walls entirely. The security effectiveness of borders does not depend on military spending, but rather is a function of institutional design that encourages local cross-border collaborative policing (Gavrilis 2008).
Should a wall be built to prevent smuggling of illicit drugs and weapons? There is little evidence that walls are effective in the war on drugs. Even if they are, the cost of such barriers should be weighed against the results they achieve, given other law and policy options to regulate drugs and guns.
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|Open or Closed Borders?
There is a lively debate in the economic literature around the potential consequences of allowing more migration. Kennan (2013, 2014) and Clemens (2011) argue that lifting the restrictions on immigration could produce large efficiency gains because the unskilled workers become more productive when they move from a low wage to a high wage country. As a result, incomes in less-developed countries could more than double and the world GDP would increase by 67-147\%.
A large body of research has documented that increased cross-border labor mobility has beneficial effects for host countries and their residents. For example, the EU labor market has become more flexible and better able to absorb shocks after the EU eastern enlargement (Kahanec and Zimmermann 2009a, 2016; Jauer et al. 2019) and this is attributed not only to migrants from the (new) member states but also to third-country nationals.
There is evidence that immigrants do not take jobs away or depress wages. Instead migrants help create jobs for natives, because their skills are most often complements rather than substitutes for the skills of native workers in the production of goods and services (Constant 2014; Peri 2014; Foged and Peri 2016). High-tech startups and established firms owned by foreign-born entrepreneurs have introduced more innovations than firms owned by US-born entrepreneurs (Brown et al. 2019).
Labor migrants tend to be economically successful taxpayers, and are less likely than natives to use welfare benefits (Giulietti and Wahba 2013). In the EU, the generosity of unemployment benefit spending across EU countries in 1993-2003 had a negligible effect on the inflow of non-EU migrants (Giulietti et al. 2013). In the US, the overall cost of public benefits is substantially less for low-income non-citizen immigrants than for comparable native-born adults and children (Ku and Bruen 2013).
geography代写
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|A HISTORY OF WALLS AND FENCES
几千年来，各大洲的人类都在建造城墙。他们早期建造的主要动机是保卫城邦免受不受欢迎的游牧邻居军队的侵害。一个巨大的物理障碍也作为政治权力、财富和力量的信号，旨在阻止未来的威胁，对土地的要求，以及定义谁属于内部和谁留在外面的方式。从历史上看，城墙的规模差异很大，从城市之间的简单屏障到王国之间的巨大防御工事。
现代巴勒斯坦的杰里科是已知最古老的城市之一，早在8000乙C 和nC是Cl这p和d一世一种乙r一世吨一种nn一世C一种2019. 600米长的石墙经过数百年的建造和改良。这堵墙有一座塔和一条长沟，很可能是为了防止洪水和袭击者。建设工程需要大量的体力劳动——挖掘沟渠，切割坚硬的岩石获取材料，并拖运石头组装墙壁。今天的经济学家可能想知道，我们的祖先是如何计划、组织和管理如此复杂的项目而几乎没有接受过工程培训的。这是一个人类刚刚从猎人转变为农民的时代，还没有使用驯养的动物，几千年来也没有发明金属工具或轮子。不清楚使用了什么样的人力——公共劳动、雇佣工人、
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|MAKING SENSE OUT OF WALLS
从成本和收益的角度考虑边界屏障的建设。成本包括电灯、道路、安全设备和警卫。物理墙需要砖石基础、钢材和混凝土，价格相对昂贵，而带刺铁丝网则更便宜。用于围墙和边境执法的资源伴随着机会成本——它们本可以用于替代用途，例如建造更好的学校和改善城市。
是否应该建造安全墙以防止恐怖分子的渗透？恐怖主义对经济来说代价高昂，因为它会导致生命损失并破坏对生产性资产的投资。例如，近年来索马里恐怖组织青年党实施的恐怖袭击对肯尼亚经济造成了很大的负面影响。10在这种情况下，安全围栏可能是合理的，即使肯尼亚没有。对于一个面临恐怖主义威胁的国家，安全围栏的成本可以与防止袭击的好处相权衡。人们应该记住，从历史上看，墙壁并不能有效抵御军事攻击Ĵ这n和s2016. 最近，美国和欧洲的大多数恐怖袭击都是由合法居民“从内部”实施的。最坚固的墙壁无法阻止 9/11。飞机和导弹可以飞越墙壁，坦克可以粉碎它们，生物武器、无人机和网络攻击完全绕过墙壁。边界的安全有效性不取决于军费开支，而是一种制度设计的功能，鼓励地方跨境协作警务G一种在r一世l一世s2008.
是否应该建造一堵墙来防止非法药物和武器的走私？几乎没有证据表明隔离墙在打击毒品的战争中是有效的。即使是这样，考虑到监管毒品和枪支的其他法律和政策选择，这些障碍的成本也应与其取得的成果进行权衡。
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|OPEN OR CLOSED BORDERS?
经济文献中围绕允许更多移民的潜在后果展开了激烈的辩论。凯南2013,2014和克莱门斯2011认为取消对移民的限制可能会产生巨大的效率提升，因为当非熟练工人从低工资国家转移到高工资国家时，他们的生产力会更高。结果，欠发达国家的收入可能增加一倍以上，世界 GDP 将增长 67-147%。
大量研究表明，跨境劳动力流动性的增加对东道国及其居民产生了有益的影响。例如，欧盟东扩后，欧盟劳动力市场变得更加灵活，能够更好地吸收冲击。ķ一种H一种n和C一种nd从一世米米和r米一种nn2009一种,2016;Ĵ一种在和r和吨一种l.2019这不仅归功于来自n和在会员国，但也适用于第三国国民。
有证据表明移民不会抢走工作或压低工资。相反，移民帮助为当地人创造就业机会，因为他们的技能通常是对当地工人生产商品和服务的技能的补充而不是替代C这ns吨一种n吨2014;磷和r一世2014;F这G和d一种nd磷和r一世2016. 外国出生的企业家拥有的高科技初创公司和老牌公司比美国出生的企业家拥有的公司引入了更多的创新乙r这在n和吨一种l.2019.
劳务移民往往是经济上成功的纳税人，与当地人相比，他们不太可能使用福利G一世在l一世和吨吨一世一种nd在一种Hb一种2013. 在欧盟，1993-2003 年欧盟国家慷慨的失业救济金支出对非欧盟移民流入的影响可以忽略不计G一世在l一世和吨吨一世和吨一种l.2013. 在美国，低收入非公民移民的公共福利总成本远低于同等本土出生的成人和儿童ķ在一种nd乙r在和n2013.
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