如果你也在 怎样代写geography这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。geography是一个科学领域，致力于研究地球和行星的土地、特征、居民和现象。第一个使用γεωγραφία这个词的人是埃拉托色尼（公元前276-194年）。地理学是一门包罗万象的学科，它寻求对地球及其人类和自然的复杂性的理解–不仅仅是物体在哪里，还包括它们是如何变化和形成的。
geography通常被定义为两个分支：人文地理学和自然地理学。人文地理学关注的是对人及其社区、文化、经济的研究，以及通过研究他们与空间和地点的关系，与环境的相互作用。自然地理学关注的是对自然环境中的过程和模式的研究，如大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈。
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地理代写|geography代考|Trends in Humanitarian Migration and Migrant Labour Market Participation
Increases in unemployment, fears of social tension and anticipation of further recession after the first oil-price shock caused a number of Western European governments to cease their active recruitment of migrants. Structural changes in Western European economies following the oil crisis prompted capital exports and investment in the establishment of manufacturing industries in underdeveloped areas including the Gulf States, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the 1970s and 1980s. Lower rates of GDP growth and a lesser demand for labour resulted. Moreover, the microelectronic revolution reduced the need for low-skilled labour which was usually the preserve of many immigrants in traditional manufacturing. A reaction to this new economic situation was more restrictive immigration policies. Even if the idea was that labour migration was temporary, especially to those countries that used the guest worker system, the return to the countries of origin of migrants was slow or nonexistent. Instead, relatively liberal family reunification policies induced the migration of spouses and marriage migration.
At the same time, the signing by many countries of the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention has over time paved the way for asylum seekers to gain refugee status and residence permits. In the 1980 s and 1990 s, although a very small proportion of the global stock of refugees, many “Protocol” refugees originated from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe and have been resettled in developed countries in the North. Armed conflict, as well as limited and failed development strategies, have led to greater inequalities both within and between regions and increased internal and international migration. Since 2000, asylum applications from the Middle East have predominated in Europe, with a peak in 2014-2016 caused by the Syrian war.
地理代写|geography代考|Labour Market Outcomes of Humanitarian Migrants
Integration into the labour market is one of the key indicators of structural integration (Ager and Strang 2008). There are a number of standard sub-indicators that are used to measure the labour market outcomes of immigrants. Employment and relative earnings as well as unemployment are labour market outcomes for immigrants commonly considered in migration scholarship. ${ }^{2}$ Employment is when an individual is engaged in work that generates a marked income, whereas unemployment is measured when an individual does not work but is actively searching for employment. Earnings or income is the total of salary that a person has received by working during a certain time period, often during a calendar year. ${ }^{3}$ Other indicators of labour market integration include hours worked per week or hourly/monthly wages, etc. Results of studies on labour market outcomes are not always comparable given reliance on different sources of evidence, for example, survey data versus administrative sources. Importantly, labour market outcomes of immigrants are often compared to the outcomes for natives or other immigrant sub-categories, e.g. labour migrants, refugees, those who come for study, marriage or for family-reunion.
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|Refugee Economic Integration: The Case of Sweden
Sweden provides an ideal context to deepen into the ideas and trends on the labour market integration of humanitarian migrants presented in the previous sections. As a major destination for asylum seekers from Europe, Africa and the Middle East, Sweden also has a long record of refugee resettlement system and integration programs implemented as far back as in the 1970s. Also illustrative of a theme of this chapter, Sweden was innovative in its design and implementation of an introduction program for refugees. Despite the uniqueness of the Nordic economies, however, empirical evidence across countries show that the challenges for humanitarian migrants to integrate into the host labour markets do not differ substantially among such countries. As we have shown in an earlier section of this chapter, employment rates of refugee men and women in Sweden are very similar to the EU average, and also to those in several other countries such as Norway, Germany, Croatia, France and the United Kingdom.
After providing a brief history of migration and integration policy in Sweden, we discuss previous studies on labour market participation of refugees to Sweden before we conclude by showing some descriptive analysis based on the latest employment data available.
geography代写
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|TRENDS IN HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION AND MIGRANT LABOUR MARKET PARTICIPATION
第一次油价冲击后失业率上升、对社会紧张局势的担忧以及对进一步衰退的预期导致一些西欧政府停止积极招募移民。石油危机后西欧经济的结构变化促使资本出口和投资于 1970 年代和 1980 年代在海湾国家、韩国、台湾和新加坡等欠发达地区建立制造业。导致 GDP 增长率下降和劳动力需求下降。此外，微电子革命减少了对低技能劳动力的需求，这通常是传统制造业中许多移民的保留。对这种新的经济形势的反应是更严格的移民政策。即使这个想法是劳动力迁移是暂时的，特别是对于那些使用客工制度的国家，移民返回原籍国的速度很慢或根本不存在。相反，相对宽松的家庭团聚政策导致了配偶迁移和婚姻迁移。
与此同时，1951年许多国家签署的《日内瓦难民公约》为寻求庇护者获得难民身份和居留证铺平了道路。在 1980 年代和 1990 年代，尽管在全球难民存量中的比例很小，但许多“议定书”难民来自亚洲、非洲和东欧，并已在北方发达国家重新安置。武装冲突以及有限和失败的发展战略导致区域内部和区域之间的不平等加剧，国内和国际移民增加。自 2000 年以来，来自中东的庇护申请在欧洲占主导地位，2014-2016 年因叙利亚战争而达到顶峰。
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES OF HUMANITARIAN MIGRANTS
融入劳动力市场是结构一体化的关键指标之一一种G和r一种nd小号吨r一种nG2008. 有许多标准子指标用于衡量移民的劳动力市场结果。就业和相对收入以及失业是移民奖学金中通常考虑的移民的劳动力市场结果。2就业是指个人从事可产生可观收入的工作，而失业是指个人不工作但正在积极寻找工作的情况。收入或收入是一个人在特定时间段（通常是一个日历年）内通过工作获得的工资总额。3劳动力市场一体化的其他指标包括每周工作时间或每小时/每月工资等。鉴于依赖于不同的证据来源，例如调查数据与行政来源，劳动力市场结果的研究结果并不总是具有可比性。重要的是，移民的劳动力市场结果通常与本地人或其他移民子类别的结果进行比较，例如劳务移民、难民、来学习、结婚或家庭团聚的人。
地理代写|GEOGRAPHY代考|REFUGEE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF SWEDEN
瑞典提供了一个理想的背景，可以深入探讨前几节中提出的人道主义移民劳动力市场一体化的想法和趋势。作为欧洲、非洲和中东寻求庇护者的主要目的地，瑞典早在 1970 年代就实施了难民安置系统和融合计划，历史悠久。同样说明本章主题的是，瑞典在设计和实施难民介绍计划方面具有创新性。然而，尽管北欧经济体具有独特性，但各国的经验证据表明，人道主义移民融入东道国劳动力市场的挑战在这些国家之间没有显着差异。正如我们在本章前面部分所展示的，
在提供了瑞典移民和融合政策的简要历史之后，我们讨论了以前关于难民到瑞典的劳动力市场参与的研究，然后我们根据可用的最新就业数据进行了一些描述性分析。
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