经济代写|The macroeconomy as an embedded system 宏观经济学代写
经济代写
In the previous section, we outlined three ways of conceptualising the macro economy. And the previous chapter underscored the limits of economics and its need to be in the good company of anthropology, history and politics (Section 1.3). The aim of this section is to situate our study of the economy in the larger context, notably, as embedded in a society. We had already alluded to this in our discussion of labour immobilities due to caste in Section 1.4. For instance, in Imayam’s Pethavan (The Begetter), the protagonist’s daughter’s decision to start a family and set up a household is opposed by the villagers Sometimes, owing to community norms, the outflow of services may not receive an equivalent money flow or vice versa. Due to caste differences, Dalits and members of marginalised caste groups may not be able to obtain the desired commodities and services despite advancing adequate money. While this might be labelled an unequal exchange by economists, such exchanges in reality are not fully ‘capitalistic’ and are part economic and part social. Moreover, this reinforces the fact that economic outcomes are strongly mediated by social or community norms.
Saadat Hasan Manto brings out this social character of the economy in his short story ‘Ram Khilavan’, which revolves around the interactions between the narrator and Ram Khilavan, his dhobi (washerman). Below, I marginalist economists) finds the dhobi not keeping ‘accounts’ as irrational, even untrustworthy, and Khilavan’s response.
One month, a hundred and fifty pieces of clothing went to the wash. To test the dhobi, my wife said, “Dhobi, this month sixty items of clothing were washed.”
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CONCEPTUALISING THE MACROECONOMY
He said, “All right Begum saab, you wouldn’t lie.” When my wife paid him for sixty clothes, he touched the money to his forehead and headed out. My wife stopped him. “Dhobi, wait, there weren’t sixty pieces of clothing, there were a hundred and fifty. Here’s the rest of your money. I was just joking.” The dhobi only said, “Begum saab, you wouldn’t lie.” He touched the rest of the money to his forehead, said “salaam”, and walked out. (p. 94)
The above excerpt underscores the idea of trust in society which influences economic transactions. Both Pethavan and ‘Ram Khilavan’ point to the social nature of economic decisions and transactions. Thus, while we do not undertake a systematic study of societal norms of communities in this introductory book, such information is essential for anyone who wishes to stories such as the ones mentioned above, written in any of the local languages or in English.
The key point of the extracts from Shekhar and Xaxa in the previous chapter was to highlight the problems with (economic) policymakers who assume that they know what is best for everyone (Sections $1.3$ and 1.4). Therefore, before undertaking any economic intervention-via the market, government or the community-it is extremely important that the economic policy be evaluated after taking into account all the costs as well as benefits, both economic and social, not just for 5 years or so, but over, say, 20 years or so, incurred not only by the various castes and classes who are stakeholders, but also by the environment. Sekhsaria, the environmental journalist, articulates the scary ill-effects of the myopic economic expansion in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; an extract from the book follows.
The forests were ‘wastelands’ that needed to be tamed, settled and developed. It did not matter that these forests were the home of myriad plants and animals that had evolved over aeons. It did not matter that ancient tribal people were living here for centuries, neither that they were physically and spiritually sustained by these forests….The Nehruvian dream of massive industrialization was calling and the rich evergreen forests of the islands promised abundant timber to feed it. The tribals too had to be civilized, brought into the Indian and factor in, what it was that the Onge, the Andamanese or the Jarawa themselves wanted. (pp. 4-5)
在上一节中,我们概述了宏观经济概念化的三种方式。前一章强调了经济学的局限性,以及它需要与人类学、历史和政治相结合(第 1.3 节)。本节的目的是将我们对经济的研究置于更大的背景下,尤其是嵌入社会中。我们在第 1.4 节讨论种姓导致的劳动力不流动时已经提到了这一点。例如,在伊玛目的《生子》中,主角的女儿决定成家立户遭到村民的反对,有时,由于社区规范,服务外流可能得不到等值的资金流,反之亦然.由于种姓差异,达利特人和边缘化种姓群体的成员即使预付了足够的钱,也可能无法获得所需的商品和服务。虽然这可能被经济学家标记为不平等的交换,但实际上这种交换并不完全是“资本主义的”,而且部分是经济的,部分是社会的。此外,这强化了这样一个事实,即经济结果在很大程度上受到社会或社区规范的调节。
Saadat Hasan Manto 在他的短篇小说“Ram Khilavan”中展现了经济的这种社会特征,围绕叙述者和他的 dhobi(洗衣工)Ram Khilavan 之间的互动展开。下面,我是边缘主义经济学家)发现 dhobi 不记账是不合理的,甚至是不可信的,以及 Khilavan 的回应。
一个月,一百五十件衣服去洗了。为了测试dhobi,我的妻子说:“dhobi,这个月洗了六十件衣服。”
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宏观经济的概念化
他说:“好吧,Begum saab,你不会撒谎的。”当我的妻子付给他六十件衣服时,他把钱摸到了额头上,然后就出去了。我的妻子阻止了他。 “Dhobi,等等,衣服不是六十件,而是一百五十件。这是你剩下的钱。我只是在开玩笑。” dhobi 只说:“Begum saab,你不会撒谎的。”他用剩下的钱摸了摸额头,说了声“salaam”,然后走了出去。 (第 94 页)
上述摘录强调了影响经济交易的社会信任理念。 Pethavan 和“Ram Khilavan”都指出了经济决策和交易的社会性质。因此,虽然我们没有在这本介绍性书中对社区的社会规范进行系统研究,但这些信息对于任何想要了解上述故事的人来说都是必不可少的,这些故事是用任何当地语言或英语写成的。
前一章从 Shekhar 和 Xaxa 摘录的关键点是强调(经济)政策制定者的问题,他们认为他们知道什么对每个人都是最好的(第 1.3 和 1.4 节)。因此,在通过市场、政府或社区进行任何经济干预之前,在考虑经济和社会的所有成本和收益后评估经济政策非常重要,而不仅仅是 5 年或如此,但在 20 年左右的时间里,不仅是利益相关者的各种种姓和阶级,而且还受到环境的影响。环境记者塞赫萨里亚(Sekhsaria)阐述了安达曼和尼科巴群岛短视经济扩张的可怕不良影响;本书摘录如下。
森林是需要驯服、定居和开发的“荒地”。这些森林是万年进化的无数动植物的家园,这并不重要。古老的部落居民在这里生活了几个世纪并不重要,他们的身体和精神都被这些森林所支撑……大规模工业化的尼赫鲁人梦想正在召唤,岛上丰富的常绿森林承诺有丰富的木材可以养活它。部落也必须文明化,融入印第安人,并考虑到 Onge、Andamanese 或 Jarawa 自己想要什么。
经济代考
宏观经济学,是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象,主要考察就业总水平、国民总收入等经济总量,因此,宏观经济学也被称做就业理论或收入理论。 宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题,包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策。
其他相关科目课程代写:组合学Combinatorics集合论Set Theory概率论Probability组合生物学Combinatorial Biology组合化学Combinatorial Chemistry组合数据分析Combinatorial Data Analysis
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宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支,它研究的是一个整体经济,即市场或其他大规模运作的系统是如何运作的。宏观经济学研究经济范围内的现象,如通货膨胀价格水平经济增长,国民收入,国内生产总值,以及失业 .
计量经济学代考
计量经济学是以一定的经济理论和统计资料为基础,运用数学、统计学方法与电脑技术,以建立经济计量模型为主要手段,定量分析研究具有随机性特性的经济变量关系的一门经济学学科。 主要内容包括理论计量经济学和应用经济计量学。 理论经济计量学主要研究如何运用、改造和发展数理统计的方法,使之成为经济关系测定的特殊方法。
相对论代考
相对论(英語:Theory of relativity)是关于时空和引力的理论,主要由愛因斯坦创立,依其研究对象的不同可分为狭义相对论和广义相对论。 相对论和量子力学的提出给物理学带来了革命性的变化,它们共同奠定了现代物理学的基础。
编码理论代写
编码理论(英语:Coding theory)是研究编码的性质以及它们在具体应用中的性能的理论。编码用于数据压缩、加密、纠错,最近也用于网络编码中。不同学科(如信息论、电机工程学、数学、语言学以及计算机科学)都研究编码是为了设计出高效、可靠的数据传输方法。这通常需要去除冗余并校正(或检测)数据传输中的错误。
编码共分四类:[1]
数据压缩和前向错误更正可以一起考虑。
复分析代考
学习易分析也已经很冬年了,七七八人的也续了圧少的书籍和论文。略作总结工作,方便后来人学 Đ参考。
复分析是一门历史悠久的学科,主要是研究解析函数,亚纯函数在复球面的性质。下面一昭这 些基本内容。
(1) 提到复变函数 ,首先需要了解复数的基本性左和四则运算规则。怎么样计算复数的平方根, 极坐标与 $x y$ 坐标的转换,复数的模之类的。这些在高中的时候囸本上都会学过。
(2) 复变函数自然是在复平面上来研究问题,此时数学分析里面的求导数之尖的运算就会很自然的 引入到复平面里面,从而引出解析函数的定义。那/研究解析函数的性贡就是关楗所在。最关键的 地方就是所谓的Cauchy一Riemann公式,这个是判断一个函数是否是解析函数的关键所在。
(3) 明白解析函数的定义以及性质之后,就会把数学分析里面的曲线积分 $a$ 的概念引入复分析中, 定义几乎是一致的。在引入了闭曲线和曲线积分之后,就会有出现复分析中的重要的定理: Cauchy 积分公式。 这个是易分析的第一个重要定理。