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数学代写|抽象代数代写abstract algebra代考|Determinant of an invertible matrix
Let $G_{1}$ be the group $\mathrm{GL}{n}(\mathbf{R})$ of all invertible $n \times n$ matrices over the real numbers, and let $G{2}$ be the multiplicative group $\mathbf{R}^{\times}$of all nonzero real numbers. The formula $\operatorname{det}(A B)=\operatorname{det}(A) \operatorname{det}(B)$ for elements of $\mathrm{GL}{n}(\mathbf{R})$ shows that the function $\phi: G{1} \rightarrow G_{2}$ defined by $\phi(A)=\operatorname{det}(A)$ is a group homomorphism.
To illustrate the information carried by the determinant function, consider the special case $n=3$. For the associated linear transformation $L: \mathbf{R}^{3} \rightarrow \mathbf{R}^{3}$ defined by $L(\mathbf{v})=A \mathbf{v}$, for all $\mathbf{v} \in \mathbf{R}^{3}$, the following facts are usually discussed in a linear algebra course. If $S$ is a region in $\mathbf{R}^{3}$ with volume $V$, then the image $L(S)$ of $S$ under the action of $L$ is a region with volume $|\operatorname{det}(A)| \cdot V$. Furthermore, the sign of $\operatorname{det}(A)$ tells whether or not $L$ preserves the orientation of the axes. The homomorphism property $\operatorname{det}(A B)=$ $\operatorname{det}(A) \operatorname{det}(B)$ says that volume and orientation behave as expected when working with the composition of two linear transformations.
If the operations in both $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$ are denoted additively, then the formula defining a homomorphism becomes $\phi(a+b)=\phi(a)+\phi(b)$. A familiar operation in calculus can be put into this context: the derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives. The next example also involves additive notation.
数学代写|抽象代数代写abstract algebra代考|Parity of an integer
The mapping $\phi: \mathbf{Z} \rightarrow \mathbf{Z}{2}$ given by $\phi(n)=[n]{2}$ enjoys the property that $\phi(n+m)=[n+m]{2}=[n]{2}+[m]_{2}=\phi(n)+\phi(m)$ for all $n, m \in \mathbf{Z}$, but it is not one-to-one, and so $\phi$ is a homomorphism but not an isomorphism.
The information carried by $\phi$ involves the parity of an integer, since $n \in \mathbf{Z}$ is even if and only if $\phi(n)=[0]{2}$, and odd if and only if $\phi(n)=[1]{2}$. The homomorphism property describes how parity behaves under addition. For example, suppose that $n, m \in \mathbf{Z}$ are odd. Then $\phi(n)=[1]{2}$ and $\phi(m)=[1]{2}$, so $n+m$ is even since $\phi(n+m)=\phi(n)+\phi(m)=[1]{2}+[1]{2}=[0]_{2}$.
One of the most important examples of a group homomorphism is provided by the rule for exponents: $a^{n+m}=a^{n} a^{m}$. The next example considers the appropriate function that relates integers to powers of a group element $a$. This is an occasion when we will be comparing a group whose operation is denoted additively with one whose operation is denoted multiplicatively.
数学代写|抽象代数代写ABSTRACT ALGEBRA代考|Exponential functions for groups
Let $G$ be a group, and let $a$ be any element of $G$. Define $\phi: \mathbf{Z} \rightarrow G$ by $\phi(n)=a^{n}$, for all $n \in \mathbf{Z}$. The rules we have developed for exponents show that for all $n, m \in \mathbf{Z}$,
$$
\phi(n+m)=a^{n+m}=a^{n} a^{m}=\phi(n) \cdot \phi(m) .
$$
Thus $\phi$ is consistent with the operations in the respective groups.
If $G$ is abelian, with its operation denoted additively, then we define $\phi: \mathbf{Z} \rightarrow$ $G$ by $\phi(n)=n a$. The fact that $\phi$ is a homomorphism is expressed by the formula $(n+m) a=n a+m a$, which holds for all $n, m \in \mathbf{Z}$. After we have studied homomorphisms in more detail we will return to these examples to show how the ideas we have developed can be applied to help understand the order of an element and the cyclic subgroup generated by an element.
抽象代数代写
数学代写|抽象代数代写ABSTRACT ALGEBRA代考|DETERMINANT OF AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX
Let $G_{1}$ be the group $\mathrm{GL}{n}(\mathbf{R})$ of all invertible $n \times n$ matrices over the real numbers, and let $G{2}$ be the multiplicative group $\mathbf{R}^{\times}$of all nonzero real numbers. The formula $\operatorname{det}(A B)=\operatorname{det}(A) \operatorname{det}(B)$ for elements of $\mathrm{GL}{n}(\mathbf{R})$ shows that the function $\phi: G{1} \rightarrow G_{2}$ defined by $\phi(A)=\operatorname{det}(A)$ is a group homomorphism.
To illustrate the information carried by the determinant function, consider the special case $n=3$. For the associated linear transformation $L: \mathbf{R}^{3} \rightarrow \mathbf{R}^{3}$ defined by $L(\mathbf{v})=A \mathbf{v}$, for all $\mathbf{v} \in \mathbf{R}^{3}$, the following facts are usually discussed in a linear algebra course. If $S$ is a region in $\mathbf{R}^{3}$ with volume $V$, then the image $L(S)$ of $S$ under the action of $L$ is a region with volume $|\operatorname{det}(A)| \cdot V$. Furthermore, the sign of $\operatorname{det}(A)$ tells whether or not $L$ preserves the orientation of the axes. The homomorphism property $\operatorname{det}(A B)=$ $\operatorname{det}(A) \operatorname{det}(B)$ says that volume and orientation behave as expected when working with the composition of two linear transformations.
If the operations in both $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$ are denoted additively, then the formula defining a homomorphism becomes $\phi(a+b)=\phi(a)+\phi(b)$. 微积分中的一个熟悉的操作可以放在这个上下文中:和的导数是导数的和。下一个示例还涉及加法符号。
数学代写|抽象代数代写ABSTRACT ALGEBRA代考|PARITY OF AN INTEGER
映射 $\phi: \mathbf{Z} \rightarrow \mathbf{Z} {2}G一世v和nb是\飞n=n{2}和nj这是s吨H和pr这p和r吨是吨H一种吨\飞n+米=n+米{2}=n{2}+米_{2}=\phin+\phi米F这r一种一世一世n, m \in \mathbf{Z},b你吨一世吨一世sn这吨这n和−吨这−这n和,一种nds这\phi$ 是同态但不是同构。
携带的信息φ涉及整数的奇偶性,因为 $\phi$ involves the parity of an integer, since $n \in \mathbf{Z}$ is even if and only if $\phi(n)=[0]{2}$, and odd if and only if $\phi(n)=[1]{2}$. The homomorphism property describes how parity behaves under addition. For example, suppose that $n, m \in \mathbf{Z}$ are odd. Then $\phi(n)=[1]{2}$ and $\phi(m)=[1]{2}$, so $n+m$ is even since $\phi(n+m)=\phi(n)+\phi(m)=[1]{2}+[1]{2}=[0]_{2}$.
One of the most important examples of a group homomorphism is provided by the rule for exponents: $a^{n+m}=a^{n} a^{m}$. The next example considers the appropriate function that relates integers to powers of a group element $a$. 。在这种情况下,我们将比较一个运算表示为加法的组与一个运算表示为乘法的组。
数学代写|抽象代数代写ABSTRACT ALGEBRA代考|EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS FOR GROUPS
让G成为一个群体,让一种是任何元素G. 定义φ:从→G经过φ(n)=一种n, 对全部n∈从. 我们为指数制定的规则表明,对于所有n,米∈从,
φ(n+米)=一种n+米=一种n一种米=φ(n)⋅φ(米).
因此φ与各组的操作一致。
如果G是阿贝尔的,它的运算是加法表示的,那么我们定义φ:从→ G经过φ(n)=n一种. 事实是φ是同态 用公式表示(n+米)一种=n一种+米一种, 这对所有人都成立n,米∈从. 在我们更详细地研究了同态之后,我们将返回这些示例,以展示如何应用我们开发的想法来帮助理解元素的顺序和元素生成的循环子群。
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