如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics对国家或地区经济整体行为的研究。它关注的是对整个经济事件的理解，如商品和服务的生产总量、失业水平和价格的一般行为。
宏观经济学Macroeconomics通常倾向于货币政策而不是财政政策，因为它有两个主要优势。首先，货币政策通常由独立的中央银行而不是控制财政政策的政治机构来执行。独立的中央银行不太可能基于政治动机做出决定。其次，货币政策比财政政策的内部滞后和外部滞后更短。中央银行可以迅速做出并实施决策，而自由裁量的财政政策可能需要时间来通过，甚至需要更长的时间来执行。
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我们提供的宏观经济学Macroeconomics ECON203及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:
经济代写|宏观经济学代写Macroeconomics代写|Introduction
Tinbergen’s macro-dynamic work presented in Chap. 6, and the models developed by Frisch and Kalecki presented in Chaps. 4 and 5 relied on similar notions of equilibrium and stability. While they all shared a common understanding of these notions, their visions of economic instability clearly differed from each other. Tinbergen perceived the presence of highly unstable processes in the economy, and he represented their importance, especially for economic policies, in different models produced around 1933-1935, before he moved on to the large macroeconometric models that made his worldwide reputation. As we have seen, the idea that large shocks could have potentially devastating effects by throwing the economy outside of its stability zone showed the way for economic policy, which could act both as a countershock and by strengthening the economic structure by increasing the size of its region of stability.
On the other hand, we saw in Chap. 4 that Frisch’s model was characterized by his strong stability properties; it was a linear model with a built-in stabilizing mechanism that ensured that a boom or depression could not last for too long. In this approach, shocks were a necessary part of the explanation as they led to the revival of the damped fluctuations in the economy, and their erratic character led to an asymmetry in the different periods of the cycle which was closer to the observed reality than the purely sinusoidal solution of second degree equations. In addition, Frisch’s model conveyed the idea that an economy may grow even at the costs of recurrent downturns. Kalecki’s approach formed a third vision of instability: the idea of an endless cycle around a position of equilibrium with no possibility of growth. This idea was also present in Tinbergen’s work in the form of self-sustained cycles within the stability region, but Kalecki had been quickly convinced that in his linear model it formed an unreasonable assumption.
经济代写|宏观经济学代写Macroeconomics代写|TINBERGEN’S ANALYSIS OF THE MULTIPLIER: A CASE FOR PUMP-PRIMING
The problem of economic policies formed a central part of Tinbergen’s analysis from the onset of his interest in economic questions, as we have already underlined in Chap. 6. Tinbergen had applied his first models to a wide range of questions from wage policies to raw goods and tried to elucidate the mechanisms deemed the most important. After 1935, he began to build and estimate larger models that culminated in the publication of his two-volume study for the League of Nations Tinbergen $(1939 \mathrm{a}, \mathrm{b})$. Discussions of the best economic policies formed a central part of those larger models, and the importance of these works for the development of economic analysis has been underlined many times. ${ }^{2}$
While these models had a profound impact on the discipline, we will not treat them in this book because they provide little information on the question of the stability of the economy. Instead, we would like to pay attention to other models developed at the same time by Tinbergen, which he used to answer topical questions and to bring a new perspective on problems often marred by the lack of complete formalisations. A case in point is the treatment by Tinbergen of the multiplier, which he developed in a 1937 paper published in the Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Tinbergen, 1937c). The meaningfulness of this paper lies in his theoretical conclusions for economic policies and the light it threw on the possibility of “pump-priming,” which was a subject of important debates in the USA at the same time.
The multiplier had been developed by Keynes and Kahn in the early $1930 \mathrm{~s}$ (Kahn, 1931, Keynes, 1933). ${ }^{3}$ In its simplest form, the idea was that a certain expenditure in the economy can lead to primary effects arising from the spending of the initial expenditure, but also to secondary effects when the workers receiving the primary wave spend their new income in the economy. Kahn’s approach, summarized by Tinbergen, was to argue that when a portion $k$ of the new income $I$ is spent, at a period $n$ after the initial expenditure, the new portion is equal to $k^{n}$. The addition of each additional income $k I+k^{2} I+\cdots+k^{n} I$ formed a geometric series $\frac{I}{1-k}$, where $\frac{1}{1-k}$ is the Keynesian multiplier. For Tinbergen, this analysis was particularly interesting because it brought forward dynamic considerations, but this remained too crude to really inform economic policies.
宏观经济学代写
经济代写|宏观经济学代写Macroeconomics代写 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支，研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富，各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支，涉及线性方程，如：线性图，如：以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼（John von Neumann）提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理，这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后，1944年，他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩（Oskar Morgenstern）共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书，该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论，使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分，最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”，是对连续变化的数学研究，就像几何学是对形状的研究，而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支，微分和积分；微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率，而积分涉及数量的累积，以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系，它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学？
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用，使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设，并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验，然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣，还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣，计量经济学可以细分为两大类：理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。
