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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|PECO512 Building and Testing Economic Theories

如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics PECO512这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics对国家或地区经济整体行为的研究。它关注的是对整个经济事件的理解,如商品和服务的生产总量、失业水平和价格的一般行为。宏观经济学关注的是经济体的表现–经济产出、通货膨胀、利率和外汇兑换率以及国际收支的变化。减贫、社会公平和可持续增长只有在健全的货币和财政政策下才能实现。

宏观经济学Macroeconomics(来自希腊语前缀makro-,意思是 “大 “+经济学)是经济学的一个分支,处理整个经济体的表现、结构、行为和决策。例如,使用利率、税收和政府支出来调节经济的增长和稳定。这包括区域、国家和全球经济。根据经济学家Emi Nakamura和Jón Steinsson在2018年的评估,经济 “关于不同宏观经济政策的后果的证据仍然非常不完善,并受到严重批评。宏观经济学家研究的主题包括GDP(国内生产总值)、失业(包括失业率)、国民收入、价格指数、产出、消费、通货膨胀、储蓄、投资、能源、国际贸易和国际金融。

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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|PECO512 Building and Testing Economic Theories

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Building and Testing Economic Theories

The economic world is complex. Many things are changing at the same time, and it is usually difficult to distinguish cause from effect. By examining data carefully, however, regularities and trends can be detected. To better understand these patterns in the data, economists develop theories, which they sometimes call models. Theories are used to both explain events that have already happened and to help predict events that might happen in the future.
What Are Theories?
Theories are constructed to explain things. For example, economists may seek to explain what determines the quantity of eggs bought and sold in a particular month in Manitoba and the price at which they are sold. Or they may seek to explain what determines the quantity of oil bought and sold around the world on a particular day and the price at which it is traded. As part of the answer to such questions, economists have developed theories of demand and supply-theories that we will study in detail in the next three chapters. These and all other theories are distinguished by their variables, assumptions, and predictions.
Variables
The basic elements of any theory are its variables. A variable $₫$ is a welldefined item, such as a price or a quantity, that can take on different possible values.

In a theory of the egg market, the variable quantity of eggs might be defined as the number of cartons of 12 Grade A large eggs. The variable price of eggs is the amount of money that must be given up to purchase each carton of eggs. The particular values taken by those two variables might be 20000 cartons per week at a price of $\$ 2.60$ in July 2017, 18000 cartons per week at a price of $\$ 2.75$ in July 2018, and 19500 cartons per week at a price of $\$ 2.95$ in July 2019.

There are two broad categories of variables that are important in any theory. An endogenous variable $₫$ is one whose value is determined within the theory. An exogenous variable $\Phi$ influences the endogenous variables but is itself determined outside the theory. To illustrate the difference, the price of eggs and the quantity of eggs are endogenous variables in our theory of the egg market-our theory is designed to explain them. The state of the weather, however, is an exogenous variable. It may well affect the number of eggs consumers demand or producers supply, but we can safely assume that the state of the weather is not influenced by the market for eggs.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Assumptions

A theory’s assumptions concern motives, directions of causation, and the conditions under which the theory is meant to apply.
Motives
The economic theories we study in this book make the fundamental assumption that everyone pursues his or her own self-interest when making economic decisions. Individuals are assumed to strive to maximize their utility, while firms are assumed to try to maximize their profits. Not only are they assumed to know what they want, but we also assume that they know how to go about getting it within the constraints they face.

Direction of Causation
When economists assume that one variable is related to another, they are usually assuming some causal link between the two. Consider a theory about the market for wheat, for example. When the amount of wheat that producers want to supply is assumed to increase when the weather improves, the causation runs from the weather to the supply of wheat. Producers supply more wheat because the growing conditions improve; they are not assumed to experience better weather as a result of their increased supply of wheat.
Conditions of Application
Assumptions are often used to specify the conditions under which a theory is meant to hold. For example, a theory that assumes there is “no government” usually does not mean literally the absence of government but only that the theory is meant to apply when governments are not significantly affecting the situation being studied.

Although assumptions are an essential part of all theories, students are often concerned about those that seem unrealistic. An example will illustrate some of the issues involved. Much of the theory that we are going to study in this book uses the assumption that owners of firms attempt to make as much money as they can-that is, to maximize their profits. The assumption of profit maximization allows economists to make predictions about the behaviour of firms, such as “firms will supply more output if the market price increases.”

Profit maximization may seem like a rather crude assumption. Surely, for example, the managers of firms sometimes choose to protect the environment rather than pursue certain highly polluting but profitable opportunities. Does this not discredit the assumption of profit maximization by showing it to be unrealistic?

The answer is no; to make successful predictions, the theory does not require that managers be solely and unwaveringly motivated by the desire to maximize profits at all times. All that is required is that profits be a sufficiently important consideration that a theory based on the assumption of profit maximization will lead to explanations and predictions that are substantially correct. It is not always appropriate to criticize a theory because its assumptions seem unrealistic. A good theory abstracts in a useful way; a poor theory does not. If a theory has ignored some genuinely important factors, its predictions will usually be contradicted by the evidence.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|PECO512 Building and Testing Economic Theories

宏观经济学代写

经济代写|宏观经济学代考MACROECONOMICS代写|BUILDING AND TESTING ECONOMIC THEORIES

经济世界是复杂的。许多事情同时发生变化,通常很难区分因果关系。然而,通过仔细检查数据,可以发现规律和趋势。为了更好地理解数据中的这些模式,经济学家发展了他们有时称之为模型的理论。理论既用于解释已经发生的事件,也用于帮助预测未来可能发生的事件。
什么是理论?
理论是用来解释事物的。例如,经济学家可能会试图解释是什么决定了曼尼托巴省特定月份买卖鸡蛋的数量以及鸡蛋的售价。或者,他们可能会试图解释是什么决定了特定日期在世界范围内买卖的石油数量以及交易价格。作为对这些问题的回答的一部分,经济学家发展了需求和供给理论——我们将在接下来的三章中详细研究这些理论。这些理论和所有其他理论都以其变量、假设和预测而著称。
变量
任何理论的基本要素都是它的变量。一个变量₫₫是一个定义明确的项目,例如价格或数量,可以采用不同的可能值。

在鸡蛋市场理论中,鸡蛋的可变数量可以定义为 12 个 A 级大鸡蛋的纸箱数量。鸡蛋的可变价格是购买每箱鸡蛋必须放弃的货币数量。这两个变量所取的特定值可能是每周 20000 箱,价格为$2.602017年7月,每周18000箱,价格为$2.752018年7月,每周19500箱,价格为$2.952019年7月。

在任何理论中都有两大类重要的变量。一个内生变量₫₫是一个其值在理论范围内确定的值。外生变量披影响内生变量,但它本身是在理论之外确定的。为了说明差异,鸡蛋的价格和鸡蛋的数量是我们鸡蛋市场理论中的内生变量——我们的理论旨在解释它们。然而,天气状况是一个外生变量。它可能会影响鸡蛋消费者需求或生产者供应的数量,但我们可以安全地假设天气状况不受鸡蛋市场的影响。

经济代写|宏观经济学代考MACROECONOMICS代写|ASSUMPTIONS

理论的假设涉及动机、因果关系的方向以及理论应用的条件。
动机
我们在本书中研究的经济理论做出了一个基本假设,即每个人在做出经济决策时都追求自身利益。假设个人努力最大化他们的效用,而假设公司努力最大化他们的利润。不仅假设他们知道自己想要什么,而且我们还假设他们知道如何在所面临的限制条件下实现目标。

因果关系的方向
当经济学家假设一个变量与另一个变量相关时,他们通常假设两者之间存在某种因果关系。例如,考虑一个关于小麦市场的理论。当天气好转时,假设生产者想要供应的小麦数量增加,则因果关系从天气到小麦供应。由于生长条件改善,生产者供应更多小麦;假设他们的小麦供应量增加,天气不会变好。
申请条件
假设通常用于指定理论成立的条件。例如,假设“没有政府”的理论通常并不意味着字面上没有政府,而只是意味着该理论适用于政府对所研究的情况没有显着影响的情况。

尽管假设是所有理论的重要组成部分,但学生常常担心那些看起来不切实际的假设。一个例子将说明所涉及的一些问题。我们将在本书中研究的大部分理论都使用这样的假设,即公司所有者试图尽可能多地赚钱——也就是说,使他们的利润最大化。利润最大化的假设允许经济学家对企业的行为做出预测,例如“如果市场价格上涨,企业将提供更多的产出”。

利润最大化似乎是一个相当粗略的假设。当然,例如,公司的管理者有时会选择保护环境,而不是追求某些高污染但有利可图的机会。这不是通过证明利润最大化假设不切实际而抹黑它吗?

答案是不; 要做出成功的预测,该理论并不要求管理者始终完全和坚定不移地被最大化利润的愿望所激励。所需要的只是利润是一个足够重要的考虑因素,基于利润最大化假设的理论将导致基本正确的解释和预测。批评一个理论并不总是合适的,因为它的假设似乎不切实际。一个好的理论以有用的方式进行抽象;一个糟糕的理论不会。如果一个理论忽略了一些真正重要的因素,它的预测通常会与证据相矛盾。

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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