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会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|MGT303 Case Study as Natural Experiment

如果你也在 怎样代写国际商贸International Business MGT303这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。国际商贸International Business一词是指任何跨越国际边界的业务。最基本的是,它包括国家之间的货物和服务的销售。国际商业是指跨越国界和在全球或跨国范围内的货物、服务、技术、资本和/或知识的贸易。

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会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|MGT303 Case Study as Natural Experiment

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Case Study as Natural Experiment

Yin (2009) agrees that case studies are well suited to exploratory theorybuilding, but unlike Eisenhardt he does not confine case studies to this early stage in the theorising process. Much of his influential book on case studies (Yin 2009) is devoted to an account of how case studies can be used for “explanatory” rather than “exploratory” purposes. In fact, he regards case studies as best suited to “how and why” questions that “deal with operational links needing to be traced over time” (Yin 2009: 9). “Explanatory” case studies use deductive logic to test propositions, adjudicate among rival explanations, revise existing theories and establish causal relationships; in other words, they are suited to verification and not just discovery of new theory (see also Eckstein 2000). Flyvbjerg (2006: 227) goes so far as to claim that case studies are “ideal” for falsification, which Karl Popper regarded as central to theory development.
Although Yin (2009) is not explicit about his philosophical assumptions, he does not question the goals of generalisability, validity and reliability. However, despite sharing these core philosophical commitments with Eisenhardt, he nevertheless regards the possible contribution of the case study very differently (Table 9.1). In his view, the explanatory logic of the case study shares many features with the laboratory experiment. As a “natural experiment” (Lee 1989), the strength of the case study lies in its high degree of internal validity, so long as appropriate procedures are followed in its design and implementation. Many of the procedures that Yin (2009) advocates – such as replication logic, pattern matching and time-series analysis – are adaptations of experimental techniques. Similarly, his reply to concerns about the case study’s generalisability is to argue that, like the experiment, the case study generalises to theoretical propositions and not to populations (Yin 2009). Lack of statistical generalisability does not preclude case studies from having a strong explanatory contribution to offer.

Yin (2009: 143) concedes that the process for developing causal explanations with a case study “has not been well documented in operational terms”. He also notes that “causal links may be complex” (2009: 141) and involve multiple independent and even dependent variables. Yet while case evidence is holistic and complex, attention to the research design and proper application of analytical techniques enable the researcher to converge on a set of causal relationships, isolating them from the broader context of the case. Other cases can then be investigated to establish whether the causal patterns occur as predicted, just as multiple experiments are used to refine and test theory. Given this experimental logic, Yin is comfortable with the use of explicit causal language (see also Hillebrand et al. 2001).

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Case Study as Interpretive Sensemaking

The notion that case studies are a form of interpretive sensemaking is part of a rich tradition of “idiographic” rather than nomothetic social science; in other words, a social science that seeks to understand the particular rather than generate law-like explanations. Unlike positivist epistemology, which insists on the unity of the social and natural sciences, interpretive approaches ${ }^6$ emphasise the uniqueness of the social sciences, in which subjects ascribe meaning to their own behaviour, and researchers are part of the world they study (see Table 9.1). Given that human activity can be understood only by accessing how it is intended and experienced, case researchers in this tradition – echoing a controversy that dates back to the nineteenth century – argue that in the social sciences, the scientific ideal of erklären (explaining an action by attributing it to exogenous causal factors) needs to be replaced by verstehen (understanding an action through the actor’s subjective experience of it) (Johnson and Duberley 2000). Stake (1995: 38), a prominent advocate of interpretive sensemaking (see also Feagin et al. 1991), insists on “the difference between case studies seeking to identify cause and effect relationships and those seeking understanding of human experience” (see also Prasad 2005, for a similar view in management). Case studies are well suited to the latter, as Lincoln and Guba (1985) argue, because they enable the rich contextual description essential to understanding.

Given this philosophical commitment, Stake (1995) proceeds to question the ideals upheld in positivist case traditions, including generalisability, causality and objectivity. In his view, “particularization” is the goal of case studies: that is, an understanding of the uniqueness of the case in its entirety. In contrast to researchers aiming at generalisable explanations, who seek “to nullify context” and “to eliminate the merely situational”, researchers in the interpretive tradition embrace context, narratives and personal engagement on the part of the researcher (Stake 1995: 39, 40). Establishing cause-effect relationships is regarded as “simplistic” in the face of this complexity (Stake 2005: 449); instead, the aim is “thick description” – in other words, an appreciation of how the social context imbues human action with meaning (Table 9.1). Stake also disputes the notion that objectivity on the part of the researcher is possible, and argues that, when adjudicating among competing interpretations, “there is no way to establish, beyond contention, the best view” (Stake 1995: 108).

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|MGT303 Case Study as Natural Experiment

国际商贸代写

会计代写|国际商贸代考INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS代 写|CASE STUDY AS NATURAL EXPERIMENT

Yin 2009同意案例研究非常适合探索性理论构建,但与艾森哈特不同的是,他没有将案例研究限制在理论化过程的早期阶段。他的大部分关于案例 果关系;换句话说,它们适用于验证而不仅仅是新理论的发现seealsoEckstein 2000 . 弗莱比约 $2006: 227$ 甚至声称案例研究是证伪的“理想”,
尔汉并业以为这是理论发展的核心 究的优势在于其高度的内部有效性,只要在其设计和实施过程中遵循适当的程序即可。Yin的许多程序2009倡导者一一例如复制逻辑、模式匹配和 时间序列分析一一是对实验技术的改编。类似地,他对案例研究的普遍性的担忧的回答是争辩说,就像实验一样,案例研究推广到理论命题而不是 人口Yin2009. 缺之之统计普扁性并不排除案例研究提供强有力的解释性贡南 上,将它们与案例的更广泛背景隔离开来。然后可以调查其他案例以确定因果模式是否如预测的那样发生,就像使用多个实验来完善和检验理论
一样。鉴于这种实验罗辑,Yin 很乐意使用明确的因果语言 seealsoHillebrandetal. 2001

会计代写|国际商贸代考INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS代 写ICASE STUDY AS INTERPRETIVE SENSEMAKING

案例研究是一种解释性意义建构形式的观念是“具体”而非法则社会科学丰富传统的一部分;换句话说,这是一门寻求理解特定事物而不是产生类 似法律解释的社会科学。与坚持社会科学和自然科学统一的实证主义认识论不同,解释方法 ${ }^6$ 强调社会科学的独特性,其中受试者将意义赋予自己 员一-呼应可追溯到 19 世纪的一场争论一一认为在社会科学中,erklären 的科学理想
explaininganactionbyattributingittoexogenouscausalfactors s需要替换为 verstehen
understandinganactionthroughtheactor’ssubjectiveexperienceofit JohnsonandDuberley2000. 赌注 1995 : 38,解释性意义建构的杰 seealsoPrasad2005, forasimilarviewinmanagement. 案例研究非常适合后者,如 Lincoln 和 Guba1985争论,因为它们使丰富的上下文描述 成为理解所必需的。
鉴于这一哲学承诺,Stake1995继续质疑实证主义案例传统中所坚持的理想,包括普遍性、因果关系和客观性。在他看来,“特殊化”是案例研究的 自标: 即从整体上理解案例的独特性。与旨在“使上下文无效”和“消除仅仅是情境”的普遍解释的研究人员相反,解释传统的研究人员接受了研究人
帋竞争的解释进行裁决时,“没有办法建立,超越争论,最好的观点”Stake 1995 : 108 。

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代写

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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