如果你也在 怎样统计计算Statistical Computing这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。统计计算Statistical Computing是统计学和计算机科学之间的纽带。它意味着通过使用计算方法来实现的统计方法。它是统计学的数学科学所特有的计算科学（或科学计算）的领域。这一领域也在迅速发展，导致人们呼吁应将更广泛的计算概念作为普通统计教育的一部分。与传统统计学一样，其目标是将原始数据转化为知识，[2]但重点在于计算机密集型统计方法，例如具有非常大的样本量和非同质数据集的情况。
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- 随机控制理论 Stochastic control theory
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- 数量经济学 Quantitative Economics
- 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics
- 经济统计学 Economic Statistics
- 经济学理论 Economic Theory
- 计量经济学 Econometrics
统计代写
数学代写|统计计算作业代写Statistical Computing代考|Bootstrap estimates
The basis of all resampling methods is to replace the distribution given by a model with the ’empirical distribution’ of the given data, as described in the following definition.
Definition 5.7 Given a sequence $x=\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{M}\right)$, the distribution of $X^{}=x_{K}$, where the index $K$ is random and uniformly distributed on the set ${1,2, \ldots, M}$, is called the empirical distribution of the $x_{i}$. In this chapter we denote the empirical distribution of $x$ by $P_{x}^{}$.
In the definition, the vector $x$ is assumed to be fixed. The randomness in $X^{}$ stems from the choice of a random element, with index $K \sim \mathcal{U}{1,, 2, \ldots, M}$, of this fixed sequence. Computational methods which are based on the idea of approximating an unknown ‘true’ distribution by an empirical distribution are called bootstrap methods. Assume that $X^{}$ is distributed according to the empirical distribution $P_{x}^{}$. Then we have $$ P\left(X^{}=a\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{{a}}\left(x{i}\right)
$$
that is under the empirical distribution, the probability that $X^{}$ equals $a$ is given by the relative frequency of occurrences of $a$ in the given data. Similarly, we have the relations $$ P\left(X^{} \in A\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{A}\left(x{i}\right)
$$
and
$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E}\left(f\left(X^{}\right)\right) &=\sum_{a \in\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}} f(a) P\left(X^{}=a\right) \
&=\sum_{a \in\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}} f(a) \frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{{a}}\left(x{i}\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} f\left(x_{i}\right)
\end{aligned}
$$
Some care is needed when verifying this relation: the sums where the index $a$ runs over the set $\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}$ have only one term for each element of the set, even if the corresponding value occurs repeatedly in the given data.
数学代写|统计计算作业代写STATISTICAL COMPUTING代考|Applications to statistical inference
The main application of the bootstrap method in statistical inference is to quantify the accuracy of parameter estimates.
In this section, we will consider parameters as a function of the corresponding distribution: if $\theta$ is a parameter, for example the mean or the variance, then we write $\theta(P)$ for the corresponding parameter. In statistics, there are many ways of constructing estimators for a parameter $\theta$. One general method for constructing parameter estimators, the plug-in principle, is given in the following definition.
Definition $5.12$ Consider an estimator $\hat{\theta}{n}=\hat{\theta}{n}\left(X_{1}, \ldots, X_{n}\right)$ for a parameter $\theta(P)$. The estimator $\hat{\theta}{n}$ satisfies the plug-in principle, if it satisfies the relation $$ \hat{\theta}{n}\left(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)=\theta\left(P_{x}^{}\right), $$ for all $x=\left(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)$, where $P_{x}^{}$ is the empirical distribution of $x$. In this case, $\hat{\theta}_{n}$ is called the plug-in estimator for $\theta$.
Since the idea of bootstrap methods is to approximate the distribution $P$ by the empirical distribution $P_{x}^{*}$, plug-in estimators are particularly useful in conjunction with bootstrap methods.
数学代写|统计计算作业代写STATISTICAL COMPUTING代考|BOOTSTRAP ESTIMATES
所有重采样方法的基础是将模型给出的分布替换为给定数据的“经验分布”，如以下定义中所述。
定义 5.7 给定一个序列 $x=\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{M}\right)$, the distribution of $X^{}=x_{K}$, where the index $K$ is random and uniformly distributed on the set ${1,2, \ldots, M}$, is called the empirical distribution of the $x_{i}$. In this chapter we denote the empirical distribution of $x$ by $P_{x}^{}$.。
在定义中，向量X假设是固定的。 $x$ is assumed to be fixed. The randomness in $X^{}$ stems from the choice of a random element, with index $K \sim \mathcal{U}{1,, 2, \ldots, M}$, of this fixed sequence. Computational methods which are based on the idea of approximating an unknown ‘true’ distribution by an empirical distribution are called bootstrap methods. Assume that $X^{}$ is distributed according to the empirical distribution $P_{x}^{}$. Then we have $$ P\left(X^{}=a\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{{a}}\left(x{i}\right)
$$
即在经验分布下，
$$
P\left(X^{} \in A\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{A}\left(x{i}\right)
$$
and
$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E}\left(f\left(X^{}\right)\right) &=\sum_{a \in\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}} f(a) P\left(X^{*}=a\right) \
&=\sum_{a \in\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}} f(a) \frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mathbb{1}{{a}}\left(x{i}\right)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} f\left(x_{i}\right) .
\end{aligned}
$$
验证此关系时需要注意：索引处的总和一种越过集合\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}\left{x_{1}, \ldots, x_{M}\right}集合的每个元素只有一个术语，即使相应的值在给定数据中重复出现。
数学代写|统计计算作业代写STATISTICAL COMPUTING代考|APPLICATIONS TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE
bootstrap 方法在统计推断中的主要应用是量化参数估计的准确性。
在本节中，我们将参数视为相应分布的函数：如果θ是一个参数，例如均值或方差，那么我们写θ(磷)对应的参数。在统计学中，有许多方法可以为参数构造估计量θ. 构造参数估计器的一种通用方法，即插件原理，在以下定义中给出。
定义5.12考虑一个估计器
$\hat{\theta}{n}=\hat{\theta}{n}\left(X_{1}, \ldots, X_{n}\right)$ for a parameter $\theta(P)$. The estimator $\hat{\theta}{n}$ satisfies the plug-in principle, if it satisfies the relation $$ \hat{\theta}{n}\left(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)=\theta\left(P_{x}^{}\right) $$ for all $x=\left(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)$, where $P_{x}^{}$ is the empirical distribution of $x$. In this case, $\hat{\theta}_{n}$ is called the plug-in estimator for $\theta$.
由于引导方法的思想是近似分布磷通过经验分布磷X∗，插件估计器与引导方法结合使用特别有用。
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