如果你也在 怎样代写微观经济学Microeconomics这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。微观经济学Microeconomics是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和公司在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和公司之间的互动。微观经济学侧重于研究单个市场、部门或行业,而不是宏观经济学所研究的整个国民经济。
微观经济学Microeconomics的一个目标是分析在商品和服务之间建立相对价格的市场机制,并在各种用途之间分配有限资源。微观经济学显示了自由市场导致理想分配的条件。它还分析了市场失灵,即市场未能产生有效的结果。微观经济学关注公司和个人,而宏观经济学则关注经济活动的总和,处理增长、通货膨胀和失业问题以及与这些问题有关的国家政策。微观经济学还处理经济政策(如改变税收水平)对微观经济行为的影响,从而对经济的上述方面产生影响。特别是在卢卡斯批判之后,现代宏观经济理论大多建立在微观基础上,即基于微观层面行为的基本假设。
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经济代写|微观经济学作业代写Microeconomics代考|Background and problems
In economics, the role of imitation was only recognised relatively recently, although some heterodox works in financial economics highlighted very early on the primordial importance of imitative behavior for anyone seeking to understand the dynamics of speculation (Aglietta and Orléan, 1980; Kindleberger, 1978). The central obstacle to the acceptance of imitation derived from the too-exclusive identification of the rational individual with the Walrasian individual, – an individual isolated from the others, perfectly independent and who has no need to observe other people to decide what he wants. From this point of view, strong links with the group – such as the imitation and collective manias which are its strongest form of expression, – appear to belong to the domain of sheer irrationality. Imitative man has been equated with the man of the masses, perceived as being the absolute opposite of homo oeconomicus: blinded by collective passion, he abandons his own interests to follow unquestioningly the group movement. In economic analysis, the propensity to imitate was thus considered an archaic remainder, an anachronism that no longer had its place in the individualistic world of interest, markets and rational calculation. It was seen as a phenomenon of which the study was best left to sociologists, social psychologists or even anthropologists, – but certainly not to economists.
However, as our understanding of economic dynamics has deepened, the oversimplified nature of this view has become more apparent. For example, in the field of finance, it would be inconceivable to continue as if herd behavior or contagious processes play no role, when they are constantly appearing in the works of analysts and historians studying stock markets or currency markets (Kindleberger, 1978). Furthermore, advances in the microeconomic analysis of interactions have, little by little, demonstrated that imitation is not incompatible with rationality, – far from it – although it may lead, globally, to sub-optimal configurations. Three rational motives for imitation have been demonstrated (Orléan, 2001). We shall now examine them in one after another.
经济代写|微观经济学作业代写Microeconomics代考|Canonical principles
In recent years, the case most studied in economic literature has been that of binary choices. We can, in fact, write the general model for this case. This is the canonical model that we shall be describing in this section. In section 5.3, we shall examine some illustrations of this general model, focusing in succession on informational, normative and preferential imitation.
5.2.1 A general model
Let us consider a population of $N$ agents. Each agent is denoted $i$, with $i \in{1,2, \ldots, N}$. We assume that each agent is faced with a binary choice: he either chooses option [1] or option [2]. We denote $n_{1}(t)$ the number of individuals who, at time $t$, have chosen the option [1] and $n_{2}(t)$, the number who have chosen the option [2]. Thus, we have:
$$
n_{1}(t)+n_{2}(t)=N
$$
To discover the distribution of choices within this population, therefore, we only need to know one of these numbers. The other can then easily be deduced. By convention, we shall choose, as the state variable describing the system, the variable $n_{1}(t)$, which we rename $n(t)$ or the variable $f(t)=n(t) / N$. The variable denoted $x(t)=\frac{n_{1}(t)-n_{2}(t)}{N}=2 f(t)-1$, which measures the proportional deviation between those who have chosen option [1] and those who have chosen [2], may also be chosen as state variable. $x(t)$ varies between $-1$ and $+1$.
微观经济学代写
经济代写|微观经济学作业代写MICROECONOMICS代考|BACKGROUND AND PROBLEMS
在经济学中,模仿的作用是最近才被认识到的,尽管金融经济学中的一些非正统著作很早就强调了模仿行为对于任何寻求理解投机动态的人的原始重要性é一种Gl一世和吨吨一种一种nd这rl它是一种n,1980;ķ一世ndl和b和rG和r,1978. 接受模仿的主要障碍来自于理性个体与瓦尔拉斯个体的过于排他性的认同——一个与他人隔离的个体,完全独立,不需要观察其他人来决定他想要什么。从这个角度来看,与群体的紧密联系——例如模仿和集体狂热是其最强的表达形式——似乎属于纯粹的非理性领域。模仿的人被等同于群众的人,被认为是经济人的绝对对立面:被集体激情蒙蔽了双眼,他放弃了自己的利益,毫无疑问地追随集体运动。因此,在经济分析中,模仿的倾向被认为是一种古老的残余,一种时代错误,在利益、市场和理性计算的个人主义世界中不再占有一席之地。它被视为一种现象,最好把研究留给社会学家、社会心理学家甚至人类学家——但肯定不是经济学家。
然而,随着我们对经济动态的理解加深,这种观点过于简单化的性质变得更加明显。例如,在金融领域,当羊群行为或传染过程不断出现在研究股票市场或货币市场的分析师和历史学家的著作中时,如果羊群行为或传染过程不起作用,那将是不可想象的。ķ一世ndl和b和rG和r,1978. 此外,相互作用的微观经济学分析的进步一点一点地表明,模仿与理性并不矛盾——远非如此——尽管它可能在全球范围内导致次优配置。已经证明了模仿的三个合理动机é这rl它是一种n,2001. 我们现在将一个接一个地检查它们。
经济代写|微观经济学作业代写MICROECONOMICS代考|CANONICAL PRINCIPLES
近年来,经济学文献中研究最多的案例是二元选择。事实上,我们可以为这种情况编写通用模型。这是我们将在本节中描述的规范模型。在 5.3 节中,我们将研究这个一般模型的一些例子,依次关注信息性、规范性和优先模仿。
5.2.1 一个通用模型
让我们考虑一个人口ñ代理。每个代理都表示一世, 和一世∈1,2,…,ñ. 我们假设每个代理都面临一个二元选择:他要么选择选项1或选项2. 我们表示n1(吨)个人的数量,在时间吨, 已选择选项1和n2(吨), 选择该选项的人数2. 因此,我们有:
n1(吨)+n2(吨)=ñ
因此,要发现这个群体中的选择分布,我们只需要知道其中一个数字。然后可以很容易地推断出另一个。按照惯例,我们将选择变量作为描述系统的状态变量n1(吨), 我们重命名n(吨)或变量F(吨)=n(吨)/ñ. 表示的变量X(吨)=n1(吨)−n2(吨)ñ=2F(吨)−1,它衡量选择选项的人之间的比例偏差1和那些选择了2,也可以选择作为状态变量。X(吨)之间变化−1和+1.
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