如果你也在 怎样代写运筹学Operations Research 这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。运筹学Operations Research（英式英语：operational research），通常简称为OR，是一门研究开发和应用先进的分析方法来改善决策的学科。它有时被认为是数学科学的一个子领域。管理科学一词有时被用作同义词。
运筹学Operations Research采用了其他数学科学的技术，如建模、统计和优化，为复杂的决策问题找到最佳或接近最佳的解决方案。由于强调实际应用，运筹学与许多其他学科有重叠之处，特别是工业工程。运筹学通常关注的是确定一些现实世界目标的极端值：最大（利润、绩效或收益）或最小（损失、风险或成本）。运筹学起源于二战前的军事工作，它的技术已经发展到涉及各种行业的问题。
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我们在数学Mathematics代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在运筹学Operations Research代写方面经验极为丰富，各种运筹学Operations Research相关的作业也就用不着 说。
数学代写|运筹学代写Operations Research代考|THE ORIGINS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Since the advent of the industrial revolution, the world has seen a remarkable growth in the size and complexity of organizations. The artisans’ small shops of an earlier era have evolved into the billion-dollar corporations of today. An integral part of this revolutionary change has been a tremendous increase in the division of labor and segmentation of management responsibilities in these organizations. The results have been spectacular. However, along with its blessings, this increasing specialization has created new problems, problems that are still occurring in many organizations. One problem is a tendency for the many components of an organization to grow into relatively autonomous empires with their own goals and value systems, thereby losing sight of how their activities and objectives mesh with those of the overall organization. What is best for one component frequently is detrimental to another, so the components may end up working at cross purposes. A related problem is that as the complexity and specialization in an organization increase, it becomes more and more difficult to allocate the available resources to the various activities in a way that is most effective for the organization as a whole. These kinds of problems and the need to find a better way to solve them provided the environment for the emergence of operations research (commonly referred to as OR).
The roots of OR can be traced back many decades, when early attempts were made to use a scientific approach in the management of organizations. However, the beginning of the activity called operations research has generally been attributed to the military services early in World War II. Because of the war effort, there was an urgent need to allocate scarce resources to the various military operations and to the activities within each operation in an effective manner. Therefore, the British and then the U.S. military management called upon a large number of scientists to apply a scientific approach to dealing with this and other strategic and tactical problems. In effect, they were asked to do research on (military) operations. These teams of scientists were the first OR teams. By developing effective methods of using the new tool of radar, these teams were instrumental in winning the Air Battle of Britain. Through their research on how to better manage convoy and antisubmarine operations, they also played a major role in winning the Battle of the North Atlantic. Similar efforts assisted the Island Campaign in the Pacific.
When the war ended, the success of OR in the war effort spurred interest in applying OR outside the military as well. As the industrial boom following the war was running its course, the problems caused by the increasing complexity and specialization in organizations were again coming to the forefront. It was becoming apparent to a growing number of people, including business consultants who had served on or with the OR teams during the war, that these were basically the same problems that had been faced by the military but in a different context. By the early 1950 s, these individuals had introduced the use of OR to a variety of organizations in business, industry, and government. The rapid spread of OR soon followed.
数学代写|运筹学代写Operations Research代考|THE NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
As its name implies, operations research involves “research on operations.” Thus, operations research is applied to problems that concern how to conduct and coordinate the operations (i.e., the activities) within an organization. The nature of the organization is essentially immaterial, and, in fact, OR has been applied extensively in such diverse areas as manufacturing, transportation, construction, telecommunications, financial planning, health care, the military, and public services, to name just a few. Therefore, the breadth of application is unusually wide.
The research part of the name means that operations research uses an approach that resembles the way research is conducted in established scientific fields. To a considerable extent, the scientific method is used to investigate the problem of concern. (In fact, the term management science sometimes is used as a synonym for operations research.) In particular, the process begins by carefully observing and formulating the problem, including gathering all relevant data. The next step is to construct a scientific (typically mathematical) model that attempts to abstract the essence of the real problem. It is then hypothesized that this model is a sufficiently precise representation of the essential features of the situation that the conclusions (solutions) obtained from the model are also valid for the real problem. Next, suitable experiments are conducted to test this hypothesis, modify it as needed, and eventually verify some form of the hypothesis. (This step is frequently referred to as model validation.) Thus, in a certain sense, operations research involves creative scientific research into the fundamental properties of operations. However, there is more to it than this. Specifically, OR is also concerned with the practical management of the organization. Therefore, to be successful, OR must also provide positive, understandable conclusions to the decision maker(s) when they are needed.
Still another characteristic of OR is its broad viewpoint. As implied in the preceding section, OR adopts an organizational point of view. Thus, it attempts to resolve the conflicts of interest among the components of the organization in a way that is best for the organization as a whole. This does not imply that the study of each problem must give explicit consideration to all aspects of the organization; rather, the objectives being sought must be consistent with those of the overall organization.
An additional characteristic is that OR frequently attempts to find a best solution (referred to as an optimal solution) for the problem under consideration. (We say $a$ best instead of the best solution because there may be multiple solutions tied as best.) Rather than simply improving the status quo, the goal is to identify a best possible course of action. Although it must be interpreted carefully in terms of the practical needs of management, this “search for optimality” is an important theme in OR.
All these characteristics lead quite naturally to still another one. It is evident that no single individual should be expected to be an expert on all the many aspects of OR work or the problems typically considered; this would require a group of individuals having diverse backgrounds and skills. Therefore, when a full-fledged OR study of a new problem is undertaken, it is usually necessary to use a team approach. Such an OR team typically needs to include individuals who collectively are highly trained in mathematics, statistics and probability theory, economics, business administration, computer science, engineering and the physical sciences, the behavioral sciences, and the special techniques of OR. The team also needs to have the necessary experience and variety of skills to give appropriate consideration to the many ramifications of the problem throughout the organization.
运筹学代写
数学代写|运筹学代写Operations Research代考|THE ORIGINS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
自从工业革命以来，世界上的组织在规模和复杂性方面都有了显著的增长。早期工匠的小商店已经发展成为今天数十亿美元的公司。这种革命性变化的一个组成部分是这些组织中劳动分工和管理职责分割的巨大增加。结果是惊人的。然而，伴随着它的好处，这种日益增长的专业化也产生了新的问题，这些问题在许多组织中仍在发生。一个问题是，一个组织的许多组成部分倾向于发展成具有自己的目标和价值系统的相对自治的帝国，从而忽略了他们的活动和目标如何与整个组织的活动和目标相结合。对一个组件来说最好的东西往往对另一个组件是有害的，所以组件最终可能会在不同的目的下工作。一个相关的问题是，随着组织的复杂性和专业化的增加，以一种对整个组织最有效的方式将可用资源分配给各种活动变得越来越困难。这类问题以及寻找更好的解决方法的需要为运筹学(通常称为OR)的出现提供了环境。
OR的根源可以追溯到几十年前，当时人们试图在组织管理中使用科学的方法。然而，被称为运筹学的活动的开始通常被归因于第二次世界大战早期的军事服务。由于战争的努力，迫切需要以有效的方式将稀少的资源分配给各种军事行动和每项行动中的活动。因此，英国和后来的美国军事管理部门呼吁大量的科学家运用科学的方法来处理这个和其他战略战术问题。实际上，他们被要求对(军事)行动进行研究。这些科学家团队是第一批手术室团队。通过开发使用雷达这一新工具的有效方法，这些小组在赢得英国空战中发挥了重要作用。通过对如何更好地管理护航和反潜作战的研究，他们也在北大西洋海战的胜利中发挥了重要作用。类似的努力帮助了太平洋的岛屿战役。当战争结束时，OR在战争中的成功也激发了人们在军事以外应用OR的兴趣。随着战后工业的蓬勃发展，组织日益复杂和专业化所带来的问题再次成为人们关注的焦点。越来越多的人，包括在战争期间在手术室工作或与手术室一起工作的商业顾问，逐渐意识到，这些基本上是军队所面临的相同问题，只是背景不同而已。到20世纪50年代初，这些人已经向商业、工业和政府的各种组织介绍了OR的使用。OR很快就迅速蔓延开来。
数学代写|运筹学代写Operations Research代考|THE NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
顾名思义，运筹学涉及“对操作的研究”。因此，运筹学被应用于有关如何在组织内进行和协调操作(即活动)的问题。组织的性质本质上是非物质的，事实上，OR已经广泛应用于制造、运输、建筑、电信、财务规划、医疗保健、军事和公共服务等不同领域，仅举几例。因此，应用的广度异常之广。
这个名字的研究部分意味着运筹学使用的方法类似于在已建立的科学领域进行研究的方式。在很大程度上，科学的方法被用来调查人们所关心的问题。(事实上，管理科学有时被用作运筹学的同义词。)具体来说，这个过程首先要仔细观察和制定问题，包括收集所有相关数据。下一步是构建一个科学的(通常是数学的)模型，试图抽象出实际问题的本质。然后假设该模型足够精确地表示了情况的基本特征，从而从模型中获得的结论(解)也适用于实际问题。接下来，进行适当的实验来检验这个假设，根据需要修改它，并最终验证某种形式的假设。(这一步通常被称为模型验证。)因此，在某种意义上，运筹学涉及对运筹学基本性质的创造性科学研究。然而，还有更多的事情要做。具体来说，OR还与组织的实际管理有关。因此，要想成功，OR还必须在需要时向决策者提供积极的、可理解的结论。
OR的另一个特点是视野开阔。正如前一节所暗示的，OR采用组织的观点。因此，它试图以对整个组织最有利的方式解决组织各组成部分之间的利益冲突。这并不意味着对每个问题的研究必须明确考虑到组织的所有方面;相反，所寻求的目标必须与整个组织的目标一致。
另一个特征是OR经常试图为正在考虑的问题找到最佳解决方案(称为最优解决方案)。(我们说$a$ best而不是最佳解决方案，因为可能有多个解决方案被捆绑为最佳解决方案。)我们的目标不是简单地改善现状，而是确定一个可能的最佳行动方案。虽然必须根据管理的实际需要仔细解释，但这种“寻求最优性”是手术室的一个重要主题。
所有这些特点很自然地引出另一个特点。很明显，不应该期望任何一个人成为OR工作的所有方面或通常考虑的问题的专家;这需要一群拥有不同背景和技能的人。因此，当对一个新问题进行全面的OR研究时，通常有必要使用团队方法。这样的OR团队通常需要包括在数学、统计学和概率论、经济学、商业管理、计算机科学、工程和物理科学、行为科学以及OR的特殊技术方面受过高度训练的个人。团队还需要具备必要的经验和各种技能，以便适当地考虑整个组织中问题的许多分支。
数学代写|运筹学代写Operations Research代考 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支，研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富，各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支，涉及线性方程，如：线性图，如：以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼（John von Neumann）提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理，这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后，1944年，他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩（Oskar Morgenstern）共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书，该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论，使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分，最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”，是对连续变化的数学研究，就像几何学是对形状的研究，而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支，微分和积分；微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率，而积分涉及数量的累积，以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系，它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学？
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用，使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设，并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验，然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣，还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣，计量经济学可以细分为两大类：理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。
