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会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Mercantilism

如果你也在 怎样代写国际商贸International Business 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。国际商贸International Business一词是指任何跨越国际边界的业务。最基本的是,它包括国家之间的货物和服务的销售。国际商业是指跨越国界和在全球或跨国范围内的货物、服务、技术、资本和/或知识的贸易。

国际商贸International Business涉及两个或多个国家之间的货物和服务的跨境交易。经济资源的交易包括资本、技能和人员,目的是在国际上生产实物产品和服务,如金融、银行、保险和建筑。国际商业也被称为全球化。为了在海外开展业务,跨国公司需要将独立的国家市场连接成一个全球市场。有两个宏观规模的因素强调了更大的全球化趋势。第一个因素包括消除障碍,使跨境贸易更加容易(例如,货物和服务以及资本的自由流动,被称为 “自由贸易”)。第二是技术变革,特别是通信、信息处理和运输技术的发展。

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会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Mercantilism

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Mercantilism

The first theory of international trade, mercantilism, emerged in England in the mid-sixteenth century. The principle assertion of mercantilism was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. At that time, gold and silver were the currency of trade between countries; a country could earn gold and silver by exporting goods. Conversely, importing goods from other countries would result in an outflow of gold and silver from those countries. The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country’s best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imported. By doing so, a country would accumulate gold and silver and, consequently, increase its national wealth, prestige, and power. As the English mercantilist writer Thomas Mun put it in 1630:
The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must ever observe this rule: to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value. ${ }^1$
Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. The mercantilists saw no virtue in a large volume of trade. Rather, they recommended policies to maximize exports and minimize imports. To achieve this, imports were limited by tariffs and quotas, while exports were subsidized.
The classical economist David Hume pointed out an inherent inconsistency in the mercantilist doctrine in 1752. According to Hume, if England had a balance-of-trade surplus with France (it exported more than it imported), the resulting inflow of gold and silver would swell the domestic money supply and generate inflation in England. In France, however, the outflow of gold and silver would have the opposite effect. France’s money supply would contract, and its prices would fall. This change in relative prices between France and England would encourage the French to buy fewer English goods (because they were becoming more expensive) and the English to buy more French goods (because they were becoming cheaper). The result would be a deterioration in the English balance of trade and an improvement in France’s trade balance, until the English surplus was eliminated. Hence, according to Hume, in the long run, no country could sustain a surplus on the balance of trade and so accumulate gold and silver as the mercantilists had envisaged.

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Absolute Advantage

In his 1776 landmark book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. Smith argued that countries differ in their ability to produce goods efficiently. In his time, the English, by virtue of their superior manufacturing processes, were the world’s most efficient textile manufacturers. Due to the combination of favorable climate, good soils, and accumulated expertise, the French had the world’s most efficient wine industry. The English had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, while the French had an absolute advantage in the production of wine. Thus, a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country at producing it.

According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for those produced by other countries. In Smith’s time, this suggested the English should specialize in the production of textiles, while the French should specialize in the production of wine. England could get all the wine it needed by selling its textiles to France and buying wine in exchange. Similarly, France could get all the textiles it needed by selling wine to England and buying textiles in exchange. Smith’s basic argument, therefore, is that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries. Smith demonstrates that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade.

Consider the effects of trade between two countries, Ghana and South Korea. The production of any good (output) requires resources (inputs) such as land, labor, and capital. Assume that Ghana and South Korea both have the same amount of resources and that these resources can be used to produce either rice or cocoa. Assume further that 200 units of resources are available in each country. Imagine that in Ghana it takes 10 resources to produce 1 ton of cocoa and 20 resources to produce 1 ton of rice. Thus, Ghana could produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination of rice and cocoa between these two extremes. The different combinations that Ghana could produce are represented by the line GG’ in Figure 6.1. This is referred to as Ghana’s production possibility frontier (PPF). Similarly, imagine that in South Korea it takes 40 resources to produce 1 ton of cocoa and 10 resources to produce 1 ton of rice. Thus, South Korea could produce 5 tons of cocoa and no rice, 20 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination between these two extremes. The different combinations available to South Korea are represented by the line KK’ in Figure 6.1, which is South Korea’s PPF. Clearly, Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of cocoa. (More resources are needed to produce a ton of cocoa in South Korea than in Ghana.) By the same token, South Korea has an absolute advantage in the production of rice.

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Mercantilism

国际商贸代写

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Mercantilism

第一个国际贸易理论,重商主义,出现在16世纪中期的英国。重商主义的主要主张是,黄金和白银是国家财富的支柱,对蓬勃发展的商业至关重要。当时,黄金和白银是国家间贸易的流通货币;一个国家可以通过出口商品赚取黄金和白银。相反,从其他国家进口商品将导致这些国家的黄金和白银外流。重商主义的主要原则是,保持贸易顺差,即出口大于进口,符合一个国家的最佳利益。通过这样做,一个国家将积累黄金和白银,从而增加其国家财富,声望和权力。正如英国重商主义作家托马斯·曼(Thomas Mun)在1630年所指出的那样:因此,增加我们财富和财富的通常手段是对外贸易,在这方面我们必须始终遵守这一规则:每年向陌生人出售的商品的价值要大于我们从他们那里消费的价值。${}^1$
与这一信念相一致,重商主义主张政府干预以实现贸易平衡的盈余。重商主义者认为大量贸易没有好处。相反,他们推荐了最大化出口和最小化进口的政策。为了实现这一目标,进口受到关税和配额的限制,而出口则得到补贴。古典经济学家大卫·休谟(David Hume)在1752年指出了重商主义学说的内在矛盾。根据休谟的观点,如果英国对法国有贸易顺差(出口大于进口),那么由此产生的黄金和白银的流入将使国内货币供应膨胀,并在英国引发通货膨胀。然而,在法国,黄金和白银的外流会产生相反的效果。法国的货币供应将会收缩,价格也会下跌。法国和英国之间相对价格的变化会促使法国人减少购买英国商品(因为它们变得更贵了),而英国人则会购买更多法国商品(因为它们变得更便宜了)。其结果将是英国贸易平衡的恶化和法国贸易平衡的改善,直到英国的顺差被消除。因此,根据休谟的观点,从长远来看,没有一个国家能够在贸易平衡上保持盈余,从而像重商主义者所设想的那样积累黄金和白银。

会计代写|国际商贸代考International Business代写|Absolute Advantage

亚当·斯密在他1776年的里程碑式著作《国富论》中抨击了重商主义者认为贸易是零和游戏的假设。斯密认为,各国在有效生产商品的能力上存在差异。在他的时代,英国人凭借其先进的制造工艺,是世界上效率最高的纺织品制造商。由于适宜的气候、肥沃的土壤和积累的专业知识,法国拥有世界上最高效的葡萄酒工业。英国人在纺织品生产方面有绝对优势,而法国人在葡萄酒生产方面有绝对优势。因此,当一个国家生产某种产品的效率高于其他任何国家时,它在生产这种产品方面就具有绝对优势。根据斯密的观点,各国应该专门生产自己有绝对优势的商品,然后用这些商品与其他国家生产的商品进行贸易。在史密斯的时代,这意味着英国人应该专门从事纺织品生产,而法国人应该专门从事葡萄酒生产。英国可以通过向法国出售纺织品和购买葡萄酒来换取所需的葡萄酒。同样,法国也可以通过向英国出售葡萄酒和购买纺织品来获得所需的所有纺织品。因此,斯密的基本论点是,一个国家永远不应该在国内生产能够以较低成本从其他国家购买的商品。斯密证明,通过专门生产双方都有绝对优势的商品,两国都能从贸易中获益。考虑加纳和韩国两国之间贸易的影响。任何商品的生产(产出)都需要资源(投入),如土地、劳动力和资本。假设加纳和韩国都有相同数量的资源,这些资源可以用来生产大米或可可。进一步假设每个国家有200个单位的资源。想象一下,在加纳,生产1吨可可需要10种资源,生产1吨大米需要20种资源。因此,加纳可以生产20吨可可而不生产大米,10吨大米而不生产可可,或者在这两个极端之间生产大米和可可的某种组合。

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代写

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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