经济代写|A prelude to the solution宏观经济学代写
经济代写
Since the majority of the variation in India’s aggregate price level is due to changes in the prices of domestic agricultural products and foreign fuel, the policies to combat inflation warrants the joint forces of fiscal and monetary policy. This kind of policy response emanates from our understanding of the Indian context. In addition to the context, the choice of the theoretical matters. (Although a concept, a conceptual framework, and a theory are technically different, in this book they have been used interchangeably, primarily for rhetorical purposes.)
While marginalist economics operates on the assumption of scarcity (of resources) and defines itself as the science of allocation or choice, those working in the tradition of the classical economists, Sraffa and Keynes view economics as the study of production, distribution and consumption of the social surplus (recall Section 1.2). The latter tradition assumes the presence of excess capacity economy-and they are also macroeconomic equilibrium outcomes. That is, there are no automatic tendencies in a competitive economy characterised by unemployment to reach full employment. As noted earlier, the quantity theory of money is closely aligned with the former tradition. Consequently, they focus only on regulating $\mathrm{M}$, the money supply in the economy, to combat high inflation. Since the classical theory of prices, both in its 18 th-century versions as well as in Sraffa’s modern restatement, is situated within a system of production, it alerts us to the role of structural interdependence between sectors in understanding the structure of relative prices, which is essential to make inflation, which is adopted here, privileges fiscal policy measures to achieve low and stable inflation, given the Indian context.
The Indian economy relies on imports to meet domestic requirements of fuel (and fuel-related items), which constitutes the highest share of the total import value. And Section $8.2 \mathrm{~ h a d ~ a l s o ~ n o t e d ~ t h e ~ c r i t i c a l ~ r o l e ~ a g r i c u l t u r e ~ p l a y s ~}$ in India’s inflation story. Besides macroeconomic policies to facilitate fuel imports and to improve the agricultural sector, this section will briefly discuss ways in which policies influencing income distribution affect inflation.
What can policy do to influence the exchange rate such that the unit value of fuel imports reduces? In Section 3.5, it was mentioned that the RBI is able 178
THE POLICY OBJECTIVE OF LOW INFLATION
to influence exchange rates of the Indian rupee (INR) through the strategic buying and/or selling of foreign currencies in the foreign exchange market. In order to reduce the unit value of fuel imports, the RBI has to ensure that Indian importers of oil exchange fewer rupees for, say, one United States dollar (USD). If the RBI succeeds in this operation, the rupee would have appreciated (relative to the dollar). The RBI does this by selling US dollars in the foreign exchange market. But how does the RBI acquire US dollars? There are two ways: (a) exports and (b) foreign savings (assuming, for the purposes of our present argument, that they are both denominated in US dollars, a highly favoured currency). A depreciation of the rupee, as noted in Section 4.3, is favourable to exporters and, therefore, to the acquisition of US dollars. Moreover, the flow of foreign funds into India increases when the RBI raises the repo rate (recall the discussion in Section 3.5). So, while for Indian exporters. And, if the increased cost of borrowing (due to the increased policy rate) is passed on as higher prices by the Indian firms, it can fuel inflation. The key takeaway from this discussion is that tackling inflation in India requires the careful management of both the exchange rate and interest rate(s) by the RBI.
One of India’s important macroeconomic targets is low and stable inflation. As a commitment to this, once every five years, in consultation with the RBI, the Government of India sets the inflation target. The inflation target is 4 per cent CPI from 5 August 2016 to 31 March 2021, with the upper and lower limits of 6 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively. From the theoretical standpoint adopted in this chapter and the Indian context,
Besides monetary policy, fiscal policy, or more accurately government Bolicy, can help in reducing India’s dependence on fuel imports by actively promoting natural gas, electricity and more green-energy options. To use the language of set theory, a branch of mathematics, fiscal policy is a subset of government policy. While fiscal policy is about altering tax rates and government expenditure, government policy also includes setting up rules for guiding individual and firm behaviour for the collective good. And monetary in Section 3.4) to maintain price stability. The role for government policy
由于印度总价格水平的大部分变化是由于国内农产品和外国燃料价格的变化,因此应对通货膨胀的政策需要财政和货币政策的联合力量。这种政策反应源于我们对印度背景的理解。除了语境,理论的选择也很重要。 (尽管概念、概念框架和理论在技术上有所不同,但在本书中它们可以互换使用,主要用于修辞目的。)
虽然边际经济学在(资源)稀缺性的假设下运作,并将其自身定义为分配或选择的科学,但那些在古典经济学家、斯拉法和凯恩斯传统中工作的人将经济学视为对生产、分配和消费的研究。社会剩余(回忆第 1.2 节)。后一种传统假设存在产能过剩经济——它们也是宏观经济均衡的结果。也就是说,在以失业为特征的竞争经济中,没有达到充分就业的自动趋势。如前所述,货币数量论与前一个传统密切相关。因此,他们只专注于调节经济中的货币供应量 $\mathrm{M}$,以对抗高通胀。由于古典价格理论,无论是在其 18 世纪版本中还是在 Sraffa 的现代重述中,都位于生产系统中,它提醒我们部门之间的结构性相互依赖在理解相对价格结构中的作用,考虑到印度的情况,这对于使此处采用的通胀优先于实现低通胀和稳定通胀的财政政策措施至关重要。
印度经济依赖进口来满足国内对燃料(和燃料相关物品)的需求,这在进口总值中所占份额最大。还有第 8.2 节 \mathrm{~ h a d ~ a l s o ~ n o t e d ~ t h e ~ c r i t i c a l ~ r o l e ~ a g r i c u l t u r e ~ p l a y s ~}$ 在印度的通货膨胀故事中。除了促进燃料进口和改善农业部门的宏观经济政策外,本节还将简要讨论影响收入分配的政策影响通货膨胀的方式。
政策可以采取哪些措施来影响汇率,从而降低燃料进口的单位价值?在第 3.5 节中,提到 RBI 能够 178
低通胀的政策目标
通过在外汇市场上战略性购买和/或出售外币来影响印度卢比 (INR) 的汇率。为了降低燃料进口的单位价值,印度储备银行必须确保印度石油进口商将更少的卢比兑换成一美元 (USD)。如果印度储备银行在此操作中成功,卢比将会升值(相对于美元)。印度储备银行通过在外汇市场上出售美元来做到这一点。但是印度储备银行是如何获得美元的呢?有两种方式:(a) 出口和 (b) 外国储蓄(就我们目前的论点而言,假设它们都以美元计价,这是一种备受青睐的货币)。如第 4.3 节所述,卢比贬值有利于出口商,因此有利于购买美元。此外,当印度储备银行提高回购利率时,流入印度的外国资金会增加(回想第 3.5 节中的讨论)。因此,对于印度出口商而言。而且,如果增加的借贷成本(由于政策利率的提高)被印度公司以更高的价格转嫁,就会助长通货膨胀。本次讨论的关键要点是,解决印度的通货膨胀需要印度储备银行对汇率和利率进行谨慎管理。
印度重要的宏观经济目标之一是低而稳定的通胀。作为对此的承诺,印度政府每五年与印度储备银行协商一次,设定通胀目标。从 2016 年 8 月 5 日到 2021 年 3 月 31 日,通胀目标是 4% 的 CPI,上限和下限分别为 6% 和 2%。从本章采用的理论观点和印度语境来看,
除了货币政策,财政政策,或者更准确地说是政府政策,可以通过积极推广天然气、电力和更多的绿色能源选择来帮助减少印度对燃料进口的依赖。用数学的一个分支集合论的语言来说,财政政策是政府政策的一个子集。虽然财政政策是关于改变税率和政府支出,但政府政策还包括为集体利益制定指导个人和企业行为的规则。和第 3.4 节中的货币)以维持价格稳定。政府政策的作用
经济代考
宏观经济学,是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象,主要考察就业总水平、国民总收入等经济总量,因此,宏观经济学也被称做就业理论或收入理论。 宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题,包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策。
其他相关科目课程代写:组合学Combinatorics集合论Set Theory概率论Probability组合生物学Combinatorial Biology组合化学Combinatorial Chemistry组合数据分析Combinatorial Data Analysis
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宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支,它研究的是一个整体经济,即市场或其他大规模运作的系统是如何运作的。宏观经济学研究经济范围内的现象,如通货膨胀价格水平经济增长,国民收入,国内生产总值,以及失业 .
计量经济学代考
计量经济学是以一定的经济理论和统计资料为基础,运用数学、统计学方法与电脑技术,以建立经济计量模型为主要手段,定量分析研究具有随机性特性的经济变量关系的一门经济学学科。 主要内容包括理论计量经济学和应用经济计量学。 理论经济计量学主要研究如何运用、改造和发展数理统计的方法,使之成为经济关系测定的特殊方法。
相对论代考
相对论(英語:Theory of relativity)是关于时空和引力的理论,主要由愛因斯坦创立,依其研究对象的不同可分为狭义相对论和广义相对论。 相对论和量子力学的提出给物理学带来了革命性的变化,它们共同奠定了现代物理学的基础。
编码理论代写
编码理论(英语:Coding theory)是研究编码的性质以及它们在具体应用中的性能的理论。编码用于数据压缩、加密、纠错,最近也用于网络编码中。不同学科(如信息论、电机工程学、数学、语言学以及计算机科学)都研究编码是为了设计出高效、可靠的数据传输方法。这通常需要去除冗余并校正(或检测)数据传输中的错误。
编码共分四类:[1]
数据压缩和前向错误更正可以一起考虑。
复分析代考
学习易分析也已经很冬年了,七七八人的也续了圧少的书籍和论文。略作总结工作,方便后来人学 Đ参考。
复分析是一门历史悠久的学科,主要是研究解析函数,亚纯函数在复球面的性质。下面一昭这 些基本内容。
(1) 提到复变函数 ,首先需要了解复数的基本性左和四则运算规则。怎么样计算复数的平方根, 极坐标与 $x y$ 坐标的转换,复数的模之类的。这些在高中的时候囸本上都会学过。
(2) 复变函数自然是在复平面上来研究问题,此时数学分析里面的求导数之尖的运算就会很自然的 引入到复平面里面,从而引出解析函数的定义。那/研究解析函数的性贡就是关楗所在。最关键的 地方就是所谓的Cauchy一Riemann公式,这个是判断一个函数是否是解析函数的关键所在。
(3) 明白解析函数的定义以及性质之后,就会把数学分析里面的曲线积分 $a$ 的概念引入复分析中, 定义几乎是一致的。在引入了闭曲线和曲线积分之后,就会有出现复分析中的重要的定理: Cauchy 积分公式。 这个是易分析的第一个重要定理。