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会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|DIFFERENCES IN CONTRACT LAW

如果你也在 怎样代写管理会计Management Accounting 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。管理会计Management Accounting为组织的内部管理部门、其雇员、经理和行政人员提供财务信息,以便为决策提供依据并提高绩效。换句话说,管理会计师是战略伙伴。在管理会计或管理会计中,管理人员在决策中使用会计信息,并协助管理和履行其控制职能。

管理会计 Management Accounting的一个简单定义是向管理人员提供财务和非财务决策信息。换句话说,管理会计帮助组织内部的董事进行决策。这也可以被称为成本会计。这是区分、检查、破译和向主管人员传授数据的方式,以帮助完成商业目标。收集的信息包括所有领域的会计,教育行政部门识别财务支出和组织决策的业务任务。会计师使用计划来衡量组织内的整体运营战略。

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会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|DIFFERENCES IN CONTRACT LAW

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|DIFFERENCES IN CONTRACT LAW

The difference between common law and civil law systems can be illustrated by the approach of each to contract law (remember, most theocratic legal systems also have elements of common or civil law). A contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and details the rights and obligations of the parties involved. Some form of contract regulates many business transactions. Contract law is the body of law that governs contract enforcement. The parties to an agreement normally resort to contract law when one party feels the other has violated either the letter or the spirit of an agreement.
Because common law tends to be relatively ill specified, contracts drafted under a common law framework tend to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled out. In civil law systems, however, contracts tend to be much shorter and less specific because many of the issues are already covered in a civil code. Thus, it is more expensive to draw up contracts in a common law jurisdiction, and resolving contract disputes can be very adversarial in common law systems. But common law systems have the advantage of greater flexibility and allow judges to interpret a contract dispute in light of the prevailing situation. International businesses need to be sensitive to these differences; approaching a contract dispute in a state with a civil law system as if it had a common law system may backfire, and vice versa.
When contract disputes arise in international trade, there is always the question of which country’s laws to apply. To resolve this issue, a number of countries, including the United States, have ratified the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG establishes a uniform set of rules governing certain aspects of the making and performance of everyday commercial contracts between sellers and buyers who have their places of business in different nations. By adopting the CISG, a nation signals to other adopters that it will treat the convention’s rules as part of its law. The CISG applies automatically to all contracts for the sale of goods between different firms based in countries that have ratified the convention, unless the parties to the contract explicitly opt out. One problem with the CISG, however, is that as of 2016, only 83 nations had ratified the convention (the CISG went into effect in 1988). ${ }^{10}$ Some of the world’s important trading nations, including India and the United Kingdom, have not ratified the CISG.
When firms do not wish to accept the CISG, they often opt for arbitration by a recognized arbitration court to settle contract disputes. The most well known of these courts is the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, which handles more than 500 requests per year from more than 100 countries.

会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考|PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CORRUPTION

In a legal sense, the term property refers to a resource over which an individual or business holds a legal title, that is, a resource that it owns. Resources include land, buildings, equipment, capital, mineral rights, businesses, and intellectual property (ideas, which are protected by patents, copyrights, and trademarks). Property rights refer to the legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource. ${ }^{12}$ Countries differ in the extent to which their legal systems define and protect property rights. Almost all countries now have laws on their books that protect property rights. Even China, still nominally a communist state despite its booming market economy, finally enacted a law to protect the rights of private property holders in 2007 (the law gives individuals the same legal protection for their property as the state has). ${ }^{13}$ However, in many countries these laws are not enforced by the authorities, and property rights are violated. Property rights can be violated in two ways: through private action and through public action.
Private Action
In terms of violating property rights, private action refers to theft, piracy, blackmail, and the like by private individuals or groups. Although theft occurs in all countries, a weak legal system allows a much higher level of criminal action. For example, in the chaotic period following the collapse of communism in Russia, an outdated legal system, coupled with a weak police force and judicial system, offered both domestic and foreign businesses scant protection from blackmail by the “Russian Mafia.” Successful business owners in Russia often had to pay “protection money” to the Mafia or face violent retribution, including bombings and assassinations (about 500 contract killings of businessmen occurred per year in the $1990 \mathrm{~s}) .^{14}$
Russia is not alone in having organized crime problems (and the situation in Russia has improved since the 1990s). The Mafia has a long history in the United States (Chicago in the 1930 s was similar to Moscow in the 1990 s). In Japan, the local version of the Mafia, known as the yakuza, runs protection rackets, particularly in the food and entertainment industries. ${ }^{15}$ However, there was a big difference between the magnitude of such activity in Russia in the 1990 s and its limited impact in Japan and the United States. The difference arose because the legal enforcement apparatus, such as the police and court system, was weak in Russia following the collapse of communism. Many other countries from time to time have had problems similar to or even greater than those experienced by Russia.

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|DIFFERENCES IN CONTRACT LAW

管理会计代写

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|DIFFERENCES IN CONTRACT LAW

普通法和大陆法系之间的差异可以通过各自对待合同法的方式来说明(记住,大多数神权法律体系也有普通法或大陆法系的元素)。合同是一种文件,它规定了交易发生的条件,并详细说明了相关各方的权利和义务。某种形式的合同规范了许多商业交易。合同法是管理合同执行的法律体系。当一方认为另一方违反了协议的文字或精神时,协议各方通常诉诸合同法。
由于普通法的规定往往相对较差,因此在普通法框架下起草的合同往往非常详细,并阐明了所有突发事件。然而,在大陆法系,合同往往更短,更不具体,因为许多问题已经在民法典中涵盖。因此,在普通法司法管辖区起草合同的成本更高,而在普通法司法管辖区解决合同纠纷的过程可能非常激烈。但普通法制度的优点是灵活性更大,允许法官根据当时的情况解释合同纠纷。国际企业需要对这些差异保持敏感;在大陆法系国家处理合同纠纷,就好像它有普通法制度一样,可能会适得其反,反之亦然。当国际贸易中出现合同纠纷时,总是存在适用哪个国家法律的问题。为了解决这一问题,包括美国在内的一些国家批准了《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(《销售公约》)。《销售公约》为营业地在不同国家的买卖双方订立和履行日常商业合同的某些方面制定了一套统一的规则。通过采用《销售公约》,一个国家向其他采纳国发出信号,表明它将把公约的规则视为其法律的一部分。《销售公约》自动适用于总部设在已批准该公约的国家的不同公司之间的所有货物销售合同,除非合同各方明确选择退出。然而,《销售公约》的一个问题是,截至2016年,只有83个国家批准了该公约(该公约于1988年生效)。${}^{10}$世界上一些重要的贸易国,包括印度和联合王国,尚未批准《销售公约》。当公司不希望接受《销售公约》时,他们通常选择由公认的仲裁法院仲裁来解决合同纠纷。这些法院中最著名的是位于巴黎的国际商会国际仲裁法院,每年处理来自100多个国家的500多个请求。

会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考|PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CORRUPTION

在法律意义上,财产一词是指个人或企业拥有法律所有权的资源,即它拥有的资源。资源包括土地、建筑、设备、资本、矿业权、商业和知识产权(受专利、版权和商标保护的创意)。财产权是指对资源的使用和对该资源可能产生的收入的使用享有的法定权利。${}^{12}$各国法律制度界定和保护产权的程度各不相同。现在几乎所有的国家都有保护产权的法律。即使是中国,尽管市场经济蓬勃发展,名义上仍然是一个共产主义国家,最终也在2007年颁布了一部保护私有财产所有者权利的法律(该法律赋予个人与国家一样的财产法律保护)。${}^{13}$然而,在许多国家,这些法律没有被当局执行,财产权受到侵犯。财产权可以通过两种方式受到侵犯:通过私人行为和通过公共行为。
私人行动
在侵犯财产权方面,私人行为是指私人个人或团体的盗窃、盗版、勒索等行为。虽然盗窃在所有国家都有发生,但薄弱的法律体系允许更高层次的犯罪行为。例如,在俄罗斯共产主义垮台后的混乱时期,过时的法律体系,加上薄弱的警察力量和司法系统,使国内外企业难以免受“俄罗斯黑手党”的勒索。在俄罗斯,成功的企业主往往不得不向黑手党支付“保护费”,否则将面临暴力报复,包括爆炸和暗杀(在1990年代,每年约有500名商人被合同杀害)
俄罗斯并不是唯一存在有组织犯罪问题的国家(自20世纪90年代以来,俄罗斯的情况有所改善)。黑手党在美国有着悠久的历史(20世纪30年代的芝加哥与90年代的莫斯科相似)。在日本,当地的黑手党,被称为yakuza,经营着勒索保护费的生意,尤其是在食品和娱乐行业。${}^{15}$但是,1990年代这种活动在俄罗斯的震级与其在日本和美国的有限影响之间存在很大的差异。之所以出现这种差异,是因为在共产主义崩溃后,俄罗斯的警察和法院系统等执法机构很薄弱。许多其他国家不时遇到与俄罗斯类似甚至比俄罗斯更严重的问题。

会计代写|管理会计代写MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING代考

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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