如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics（来自希腊语前缀makro-，意思是 “大 “+经济学）是经济学的一个分支，处理整个经济体的表现、结构、行为和决策。例如，使用利率、税收和政府支出来调节经济的增长和稳定。这包括区域、国家和全球经济。根据经济学家Emi Nakamura和Jón Steinsson在2018年的评估，经济 “关于不同宏观经济政策的后果的证据仍然非常不完善，可以受到严重批评。
宏观经济学Macroeconomics研究的主题包括GDP（国内生产总值）、失业（包括失业率）、国民收入、价格指数、产出、消费、通货膨胀、储蓄、投资、能源、国际贸易和国际金融。宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学中最普遍的两个领域。联合国可持续发展目标17有一个目标，即通过政策协调和一致性来加强全球宏观经济稳定，这是2030年议程的一部分。
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经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The estimation problem: Ordinary Least Squares
The idea underlying the evolutionary approach is to abandon the hypothesis of centralisation, which lies at the heart of Walrasian tatonnement, and to replace it by decentralised processes of information, negotiation and exchange. Here we are poles apart from the theory described above: in our simple market, agents pair up randomly and can contract, if they so wish, at the prices they negotiate, even outside a situation of equilibrium. A priori,
therefore, there is nothing in such a structure to ensure price unicity. Each elementary transaction can take place at its own specific price. Contrary to the previous approach, price unicity, if it appears, must be interpreted as an emergent property, as a pure product of competitive forces, and not as the expression of a prior postulate provided by the hypothesis of the auctioneer. Consequently, the evolutionary approach involves the construction of an analysis in which the role and importance of decentralised transactions are fully recognised.
Before going any further in the presentation of this framework of analysis, we need to answer a preliminary question: can we justify the identification of such a structure as a global market, or should we see it rather as a series of small local markets? To put it another way: how far can we go in the decentralisation of transactions? To answer this question, we must examine the specific properties of the processes of bilateral interaction and the search for information. If the economic space is “connected” in the sense that two agents can always meet and local information is available at an affordable cost, then we can say that we are dealing with a unified market. If not, then the whole set of agents must be broken down into a group of disconnected classes, each class constituting a small elementary market.
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|evolutionary approach
In addition to the decentralisation of exchanges, the evolutionary approach is clearly differentiated from the Walrasian model by two further hypotheses: adaptive rationality and sequentiality. In accordance with the analyses developed in chapter 1 , the economic agents considered in our model do not possess optimising rationality. Their behaviour is essentially adaptive in the sense that their action is not based on the search for a maximum, but on the comparison between what they are proposed and what they have already obtained, or between what they are proposed and what others obtain. In other words, these agents are essentially motivated by the desire to improve their situation, not (at least not directly) by the desire to optimise it. Agents reason on the basis of data provided by their environment, spatial or temporal, using what certain authors have called “situated rationality” (Orléan, 1994). There is no postulate of perfect information shared by all agents. For this reason, the cognitive dimension plays a fundamental role in the evolutionary approach. The way in which agents interpret their environment depends heavily on their past history and on their capacity to analyse it. This conception of economic rationality only assumes its full significance within a sequential context. It is then possible to understand how individual choices are progressively formed and modified. In other words, learning, in the wide sense of the term, is a central characteristic of the evolutionary agent: what he knows and what he desires is always considered as the product of a specific history. His view of his environment depends on the path he has followed and the experiences he has had. We do not presuppose that all the agents share the same model of their environment or the same conscience of goals to be attained. Consequently, sequentiality imposes itself as an essential characteristic of our models, enabling us to consider the differentiated evolution of individual agents and the different hypotheses they adopt in their representations of the economy.
宏观经济学代写
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写MACROECONOMICS代考|THE ESTIMATION PROBLEM: ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES
进化方法背后的想法是放弃集中化假设，它是瓦尔拉斯主义的核心，取而代之的是分散的信息、谈判和交换过程。在这里，我们与上述理论截然不同：在我们的简单市场中，代理人随机配对，如果他们愿意，可以按照他们协商的价格收缩，甚至在均衡情况之外。先验，
因此，这种结构中没有任何东西可以确保价格的统一性。每个基本交易都可以以自己的特定价格进行。与前面的方法相反，如果价格单一性出现，它必须被解释为一种新兴属性，作为一种纯粹的竞争力量的产物，而不是作为拍卖师假设提供的先验假设的表达。因此，进化方法涉及构建一种分析，其中充分认识到去中心化交易的作用和重要性。
在进一步介绍这个分析框架之前，我们需要回答一个初步问题：我们能否证明将这种结构确定为全球市场是合理的，还是应该将其视为一系列小型本地市场？换句话说：我们在交易去中心化方面能走多远？要回答这个问题，我们必须考察双边互动和信息搜索过程的具体性质。如果经济空间是“连接的”，即两个代理人总是可以见面，并且可以以可承受的成本获得本地信息，那么我们可以说我们正在处理一个统一的市场。如果不是，那么整个代理集必须分解成一组不连贯的类，每个类构成一个小的基本市场。
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写MACROECONOMICS代考|EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
除了交易所的去中心化之外，进化方法与瓦尔拉斯模型的明显区别在于两个进一步的假设：适应性理性和顺序性。根据第一章的分析，我们模型中考虑的经济主体不具备优化合理性。他们的行为本质上是自适应的，因为他们的行为不是基于对最大值的搜索，而是基于他们提出的内容与他们已经获得的内容之间的比较，或者他们提出的内容与其他人获得的内容之间的比较。换句话说，这些代理人的动机主要是为了改善他们的处境，而不是一种吨l和一种s吨n这吨d一世r和C吨l是出于优化它的愿望。代理根据其环境（空间或时间）提供的数据进行推理，使用某些作者所谓的“情境理性”é这rl它是一种n,1994. 不存在所有代理共享完美信息的假设。出于这个原因，认知维度在进化方法中起着基本作用。代理人解释他们的环境的方式在很大程度上取决于他们过去的历史和他们分析它的能力。这种经济理性的概念只有在一个连续的背景下才具有其全部意义。然后就有可能理解个人选择是如何逐渐形成和修改的。换句话说，从广义上讲，学习是进化主体的核心特征：他所知道的和他想要的总是被认为是特定历史的产物。他对环境的看法取决于他所走的道路和他的经历。我们不假定所有代理共享相同的环境模型或要实现的目标的相同良心。因此，顺序性作为我们模型的一个基本特征，使我们能够考虑个体代理人的差异化演变以及他们在表示经济时采用的不同假设。
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