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经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Limits of evolutionist game theory

如果你也在 怎样代写微观经济学Microeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。微观经济学Microeconomics是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和公司在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和公司之间的互动。微观经济学侧重于研究单个市场、部门或行业,而不是宏观经济学所研究的整个国民经济。

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经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Limits of evolutionist game theory

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Limits of evolutionist game theory

Evolutionist game theory, under its primitive form, is grounded on rather restrictive assumptions, even if it tries to compensate for them in its contemporary developments. Information gathering, reduced to a passive form, implies no voluntary process induced by the player in order to get original data and is insensible to the problem of ambiguity of the obtained messages. Behavior rules, always defined exogenously, do not make precise the cognitive processes necessary to implement them, and do not consider their possible dynamic adaptation to context and history. The global system stays stationary in its structure, without a chance for the environment to evolve or innovate and without the consideration of nested time scales leading to corresponding equilibria. These limits are successively examined now.

First, evolutionist game theory considers information as resulting exclusively from the immediate and transparent observation of past spontaneous actions of the players and of their consequences. Players have no direct ways of communicating except when one introduces initially communication actions, which could allow them to share their plans of action and even exchange their objectives or beliefs. They do not try to reveal from the opponents’ observed actions their underlying preferences or representtations in order to rebuild at least some part of the missing structural information. They face no difficulty in giving a clear and univoque sense to the information they get, and even succeed in giving a common interpretation to the shared information without need for further concertation.

Second, evolutionist game theory assumes that the players follow expectation and choice rules which, even if of various degrees of sophistication, are endorsed definitely and implemented in a mechanistic way. These behavior rules, even if they precisely associate a final action to the past observations, are not adapted to context since a player may refine his behavior according to its analyzed complexity and instability. These behavior rules, even if their parameters are adjusted to past experience, are not adapted to history since a player may try to change his mind if he observes that he is “locked in” a suboptimal situation. These behavior rules, even if flexible, are not integrated in a whole hierarchy of learning modes where a player shifts from one level to another if his actions are not producing the expected results.

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Epistemological status of evolutionist games

Evolutionist game theory, which develops models which are more diversified but less sophisticated than those of classical game theory, differs from it on epistemological grounds too. An evolutionist model is no more studied by exclusive appeal to analytical resolution methods, but is analyzed by simulation methods which aim at marking out the space of consequences. An evolutionist model still attributes to players some mental states, but these are less revealed through players’ actions than directly assessed by interrogation of players about their expectations or utilities. An evolutionist model is not considered as normatively recommanding prescriptions to the players, but essentially considered as positively providing descriptions of players’ behaviors. These questions are successively examined.
First, since the classical models are in few numbers due to the unique expression of the players’ strong rationality and the lack of prior players’ networks, the consequences in terms of equilibrium states are calculated by analytical way. Conversely, since the evolutionist models are far more various and complex due to the extreme combinatory of players’ behaviors and relationships, the dynamic consequences are sometimes necessarily computed by simulation. Such a simulation, achieved by the modeller and unreachable by the players, describes the transitory and asymptotic consequences of any system and allows to study its robustness. It also brings to the fore the multiplicity of models explaining the same phenomenon, hence the necessity to compute all the testable consequences of each model, in order to be able to empirically differenciate them.

Second, for classical models, under the assumption of players’ strong rationality, it is usual to consider that their beliefs and preferences may be and have to be revealed from the chosen actions, which are the only observables. At the contrary, for evolutionary models, the mental states shift from an instrumentalist status to a more realistic status, especially as concerns the utility attributed by the players to the consequences of their actions. In learning models, utility is always treated as a mental state, but one assumes that it can be directly expressed by the players, either experienced as concerns its past occurences or expected as concerns its future occurences. In evolutionary models, utility is reduced to “fitness”, which is unconscious for the players and is ideally observed by the modeller through the reproduction rates assumed to be proportional.

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Limits of evolutionist game theory

微观经济学代写

经济代写|微观经济学代考MICROECONOMICS代写|LIMITS OF EVOLUTIONIST GAME THEORY

进化论博弈论,在其原始形式下,基于相当严格的假设,即使它试图在当代发展中弥补这些假设。信息收集,简化为被动形式,意味着没有玩家为了获得原始数据而引发的自愿过程,并且对所获得消息的模糊性问题不敏感。行为规则总是外生定义的,没有精确地确定实施它们所必需的认知过程,也没有考虑它们对环境和历史的可能动态适应。全球系统在其结构中保持静止,环境没有机会进化或创新,也没有考虑导致相应平衡的嵌套时间尺度。现在依次检查这些限制。

首先,进化博弈论认为信息完全来自对参与者过去的自发行为及其后果的直接和透明观察。玩家没有直接的交流方式,除非有人介绍最初的交流行动,这可以让他们分享他们的行动计划,甚至交换他们的目标或信念。他们不会试图从对手观察到的行为中揭示他们潜在的偏好或表征,以重建至少部分缺失的结构信息。他们毫不费力地为他们获得的信息赋予清晰和独特的意义,甚至无需进一步协调就可以成功地对共享信息给出共同的解释。

其次,进化博弈论假设参与者遵循期望和选择规则,即使复杂程度不同,这些规则也得到明确认可并以机械方式实施。这些行为规则,即使它们精确地将最终行动与过去的观察联系起来,也不适应上下文,因为玩家可能会根据其分析的复杂性和不稳定性来改进他的行为。这些行为规则,即使它们的参数已根据过去的经验进行了调整,也无法适应历史,因为如果玩家发现自己“被困在”次优情况下,他可能会试图改变主意。这些行为规则,即使是灵活的,也没有整合到整个学习模式层次结构中,如果玩家的行为没有产生预期的结果,他就会从一个层次转移到另一个层次。

经济代写|微观经济学代考MICROECONOMICS代写|EPISTEMOLOGICAL STATUS OF EVOLUTIONIST GAMES

进化论博弈论发展的模型比经典博弈论更多样化但更不复杂,在认识论方面也与经典博弈论不同。进化论模型不再仅仅通过分析解决方法来研究,而是通过旨在标出后果空间的模拟方法来分析。进化论模型仍然将某些心理状态归因于玩家,但这些状态较少通过玩家的行为揭示,而是通过询问玩家的期望或效用直接评估。进化论模型不被视为对玩家的规范性推荐处方,但本质上被视为对玩家行为的积极描述。这些问题被依次检查。
首先,由于参与者强烈理性的独特表达和先前参与者网络的缺乏,经典模型数量较少,因此通过分析方式计算均衡状态的后果。相反,由于玩家行为和关系的极端组合导致进化论模型更加多样和复杂,动态结果有时必须通过模拟计算。这种由建模者实现而玩家无法实现的模拟描述了任何系统的暂时性和渐近性后果,并允许研究其稳健性。它还突出了解释同一现象的模型的多样性,因此有必要计算每个模型的所有可测试结果,以便能够根据经验区分它们。

其次,对于经典模型,在玩家强烈理性的假设下,通常认为他们的信念和偏好可能而且必须从所选择的行动中揭示出来,这是唯一可观察的。相反,对于进化模型,心理状态从工具主义状态转变为更现实的状态,特别是涉及参与者归因于其行为后果的效用时。在学习模型中,效用总是被视为一种心理状态,但人们假设它可以由玩家直接表达,或者体验为关注其过去发生的事件,或者预期为关注其未来发生的事件。在进化模型中,效用被简化为“适应度”,

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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