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经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|A GUIDE TO ECONOMIC REASONING

如果你也在 怎样代写微观经济学Microeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。微观经济学Microeconomics是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和公司在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和公司之间的互动。微观经济学侧重于研究单个市场、部门或行业,而不是宏观经济学所研究的整个国民经济。

微观经济学Microeconomic的一个目标是分析在商品和服务之间建立相对价格的市场机制,并在各种用途之间分配有限资源。微观经济学显示了自由市场导致理想分配的条件。它还分析了市场失灵,即市场未能产生有效的结果。微观经济学关注公司和个人,而宏观经济学则关注经济活动的总和,处理增长、通货膨胀和失业问题以及与这些问题有关的国家政策。微观经济学还处理经济政策(如改变税收水平)对微观经济行为的影响,从而对经济的上述方面产生影响。

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经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|A GUIDE TO ECONOMIC REASONING

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|A Guide to Economic Reasoning

People trained in economics think in a certain way. They analyze everything critically; they compare the costs and the benefits of every issue and make decisions based on those costs and benefits. For example, say you’re trying to decide whether a policy to eliminate terrorist attacks on airlines is a good idea. Economists are trained to put their emotions aside and ask: What are the costs of the policy, and what are the benefits? Thus, they are open to the argument that security measures, such as conducting body searches of every passenger or scanning all baggage with bomb-detecting machinery, might not be the appropriate policy because the costs might exceed the benefits. To think like an economist involves addressing almost all issues using a cost/benefit approach. Economic reasoning also involves abstracting from the “unimportant” elements of a question and focusing on the “important” ones by creating a simple model that captures the essence of the issue or problem. How do you know whether the model has captured the important elements? By collecting empirical evidence and “testing” the model-matching the predictions of the model with the empirical evidence-to see if it fits. Economic reasoning-how to think like a modern economist, making decisions on the basis of costs and benefits-is the most important lesson you’ll learn from this book.
The book Freakonomics gives examples of the economist’s approach. It describes a number of studies by University of Chicago economist Steve Levitt that unlock seemingly mysterious observations with basic economic reasoning. For example, Levitt asks the question: Why do drug dealers on the street tend to live with their mothers? The answer he arrives at is that it is because they can’t afford to live on their own; most earn less than $\$ 5$ an hour. Why, then, are they dealing drugs and not working a legal job that, even for a minimum-wage job, pays over $\$ 7.00$ an hour? The answer to that is determined through cost/benefit analysis. While their current income is low, their potential income as a drug dealer is much higher since, given their background and current U.S. institutions, they are more likely to move up to a high position in the local drug business (and Freakonomics describes how it is a business) and earn a six-figure income than they are to move up from working as a Taco Bell technician to an executive earning a six-figure income in corporate America. Levitt’s model is a very simple one-people do what is in their best interest financially-and it assumes that people rely on a cost/ benefit analysis to make decisions. Finally, he supports his argument through careful empirical work, collecting and organizing the data to see if they fit the model. His work is a good example of “thinking like a modern economist” in action.

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits

The relevant costs and relevant benefits to economic reasoning are the expected incremental, or additional, costs incurred and the expected incremental benefits that result from a decision. Economists use the term marginal when referring to additional or incremental. Marginal costs and marginal benefits are key concepts.
A marginal cost is the additional cost to you over and above the costs you have already incurred. That means not counting sunk costs-costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered – in the relevant costs when making a decision. Consider, for example, attending class. You’ve already paid your tuition; it is a sunk cost. So the marginal (or additional) cost of going to class does not include tuition.
Similarly with marginal benefit. A marginal benefit is the additional benefit above what you’ve already derived. The marginal benefit of reading this chapter is the additional knowledge you get from reading it. If you already knew everything in this chapter before you picked up the book, the marginal benefit of reading it now is zero.
The Economic Decision Rule
Comparing marginal (additional) costs with marginal (additional) benefits will often tell you how you should adjust your activities to be as well off as possible. Just follow the economic decision rule:
If the marginal benefits of doing something exceed the marginal costs, do it.
If the marginal costs of doing something exceed the marginal benefits, don’t do it.
As an example, let’s consider a discussion I might have with a student who tells me that she is too busy to attend my classes. I respond, “Think about the tuition you’ve spent for this class-it works out to about $\$ 60$ a lecture.” She answers that the book she reads for class is a book that I wrote, and that I wrote it so clearly she fully understands everything. She goes on:
I’ve already paid the tuition and whether I go to class or not, I can’t get any of the tuition back, so the tuition is a sunk cost and doesn’t enter into my decision. The marginal cost to me is what I could be doing with the hour instead of spending it in class. I value my time at $\$ 75$ an hour [people who understand everything value their time highly], and even though I’ve heard that your lectures are super, I estimate that the marginal benefit of attending your class is only $\$ 50$. The marginal cost, $\$ 75$, exceeds the marginal benefit, $\$ 50$, so I don’t attend class.
I congratulate her on her diplomacy and her economic reasoning, but tell her that I give a quiz every week, that students who miss a quiz fail the quiz, that those who fail all the quizzes fail the course, and that those who fail the course do not graduate. In short, she is underestimating the marginal benefits of attending my classes. Correctly estimated, the marginal benefits of attending my class exceed the marginal costs. So she should attend my class.

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|A GUIDE TO ECONOMIC REASONING

微观经济学代写

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|A Guide to Economic Reasoning

受过经济学训练的人都以某种方式思考。他们批判性地分析一切;他们比较每个问题的成本和收益,并根据这些成本和收益做出决定。例如,假设你正试图决定一项消除航空公司恐怖袭击的政策是否是个好主意。经济学家接受的训练是把情绪放在一边,问:这项政策的成本是什么,收益是什么?因此,他们愿意接受这样的论点,即安全措施,如对每位乘客进行身体检查或用炸弹探测机器扫描所有行李,可能不是适当的政策,因为成本可能超过收益。像经济学家一样思考包括使用成本/收益方法解决几乎所有问题。经济推理还包括从一个问题的“不重要”元素中抽象出来,通过创建一个简单的模型来抓住问题的本质,把重点放在“重要”的元素上。您如何知道模型是否捕获了重要的元素?通过收集经验证据和“测试”模型——将模型的预测与经验证据相匹配——看看它是否合适。经济推理——如何像现代经济学家一样思考,在成本和收益的基础上做出决定——是你将从本书中学到的最重要的一课。《魔鬼经济学》一书举例说明了这位经济学家的方法。它描述了芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)经济学家史蒂夫•莱维特(Steve Levitt)的一系列研究,这些研究用基本的经济推理解开了看似神秘的观察结果。例如,莱维特提出了这样一个问题:为什么街头的毒贩倾向于和他们的母亲住在一起?他得出的答案是,这是因为他们负担不起自己的生活;大多数人的时薪不到5美元。那么,为什么他们从事毒品交易,而不从事一份合法的工作,即使是最低工资的工作,每小时的工资也超过7美元?这个问题的答案是通过成本/收益分析来确定的。虽然他们目前的收入很低,但他们作为毒贩的潜在收入要高得多,因为考虑到他们的背景和当前的美国制度,他们更有可能在当地的毒品生意中晋升到高位(魔鬼经济学描述了这是一门生意),并获得六位数的收入,而不是从塔可钟(Taco Bell)的技术人员晋升到美国公司的高管,获得六位数的收入。莱维特的模型非常简单——人们做最符合他们经济利益的事情——它假设人们依靠成本/收益分析来做决定。最后,他通过仔细的实证工作来支持他的论点,收集和组织数据,看看它们是否符合模型。他的工作是“像现代经济学家一样思考”的一个很好的例子

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写|Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits

经济推理的相关成本和相关收益是一个决策所产生的预期增量或额外成本和预期增量收益。经济学家在提到额外或增量时使用边际这个术语。边际成本和边际效益是关键概念。
边际成本是你在已经发生的成本之外的额外成本。这意味着在做出决策时,不把沉没成本——已经发生且无法收回的成本——计入相关成本。以上课为例。你已经交了学费;这是一种沉没成本。因此,上课的边际(或额外)成本不包括学费。
边际效益也是如此。边际效益是在你已经得到的收益之上的额外收益。阅读本章的边际收益是你从阅读中获得额外的知识。如果你在拿起这本书之前已经知道了这一章的所有内容,那么现在阅读它的边际效益为零。
经济决策规则
比较边际(额外)成本和边际(额外)收益通常会告诉你应该如何调整你的活动,使之尽可能地富裕。只要遵循经济决策规则:
如果做某件事的边际收益超过了边际成本,那就去做。
如果做某件事的边际成本超过了边际收益,那就不要做。
举个例子,让我们考虑一下我和一个学生的讨论,她告诉我她太忙了,不能来上我的课。我回答说:“想想你花在这门课上的学费——一节课大约60美元。”她回答说,她上课读的那本书是我写的,而且我写得很清楚,她完全理解了。她接着说:
我已经交了学费,不管我去不去上课,我都拿不回学费,所以学费是沉没成本,不会影响我的决定。对我来说,边际成本是我可以用这一小时做什么,而不是把它花在课堂上。我把我的时间看得每小时75美元(通晓一切的人非常珍惜时间),尽管我听说你的课非常棒,但我估计上你的课的边际效益只有50美元。边际成本75美元,超过了边际效益50美元,所以我不去上课。
我祝贺她的外交手腕和经济推理能力,但同时告诉她,我每周都会给她做一次小测验,没有通过一次小测验的学生不能通过小测验,所有测验都不及格的学生不能通过这门课,不及格的学生不能毕业。简而言之,她低估了上我的课的边际效益。正确估计,上我的课的边际收益超过了边际成本。所以她应该来上我的课。

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写

经济代写|微观经济学代考Microeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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