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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Self-Interest

如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics对国家或地区经济整体行为的研究。它关注的是对整个经济事件的理解,如商品和服务的生产总量、失业水平和价格的一般行为。宏观经济学关注的是经济体的表现–经济产出、通货膨胀、利率和外汇兑换率以及国际收支的变化。减贫、社会公平和可持续增长只有在健全的货币和财政政策下才能实现。

宏观经济学Macroeconomics(来自希腊语前缀makro-,意思是 “大 “+经济学)是经济学的一个分支,处理整个经济体的表现、结构、行为和决策。例如,使用利率、税收和政府支出来调节经济的增长和稳定。这包括区域、国家和全球经济。根据经济学家Emi Nakamura和Jón Steinsson在2018年的评估,经济 “关于不同宏观经济政策的后果的证据仍然非常不完善,并受到严重批评。宏观经济学家研究的主题包括GDP(国内生产总值)、失业(包括失业率)、国民收入、价格指数、产出、消费、通货膨胀、储蓄、投资、能源、国际贸易和国际金融。

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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Self-Interest

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Self-Interest

Economists assume that most individuals act as if they are motivated by self-interest and respond in predictable ways to changing circumstances. In other words, self-interest is a good predictor of human behavior in most situations. For example, to a worker, self-interest means pursuing a higher-paying job and/or better working conditions. To a consumer, it means gaining a higher level of satisfaction from limited income and time.

We seldom observe employees asking employers to cut their wages and increase their workload to increase a company’s profits. And how often do customers walk into a supermarket demanding to pay more for their groceries? In short, a great deal of human behavior can be explained and predicted by assuming that most people act $a$ if they are motivated by their own self-interest in an effort to increase their expected personal satisfaction. When people make choices, they often do not know with certainty which choice is best. But they expect the best outcome from that decision-the one that will yield the greatest satisfaction.

Critics will say people don’t think that way, and the critics might be right. But economists are arguing that people act that way. Economists are observing and studying what people do-their actions. We largely leave what people think to psychologists and sociologists. Furthermore, when economists use the term self-interest they are not implying that people only seek to maximize their material consumption. Many acts of selfless behavior may be self-interested. For example, people may be kind to others in hopes that behavior will be returned. By establishing a reputation of honesty, it may send a signal of a willingness of commitment. This may make society a better place. So is it love, or self-interest, that keeps society together?

There is no question that self-interest is a powerful force that motivates people to produce goods and services. But self-interest can include benevolence. Think of the late Mother Teresa, who spent her life caring for others. One could say that her work was in her selfinterest, but who would consider her actions selfish? Similarly, workers may be pursuing self-interest when they choose to work harder and longer to increase their charitable giving or saving for their children’s education. That is, self-interest to an economist is not a narrow monetary self-interest. The enormous amount of money and time donated to victims of Hurricane Katrina is an example of self-interest too-the self-interest was to help others in need. However, our charitable actions for others are influenced by cost. We would predict that most people would be more charitable when the tax deductions are greater or that you may be more likely to offer a friend a ride to the airport when the freeway was less congested. In short, the lower the cost of helping others, the more help we would expect to be offered.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|What Is Rational Behavior?

Economists assume that people, for the most part, engage in rational, or purposeful, behavior. And you might think that could not possibly apply to your brother, sister, or roommates. But the key is in the definition. To an economist, rational behavior merely means that people do the best they can, based on their values and information, under current and anticipated future circumstances. That is, people may not know with complete certainty which decisions will yield the most satisfaction and happiness, but they select the one that they expect to give them the best results among the alternatives. It is important to note that it is only the person making the choice that determines its rationality. You might like red sports cars while your friend might like black sports cars. So it would be rational for you to choose a red sports car and your friend to choose a black sports car.

Economists assume that people do not intentionally make decisions that will make them worse off. Most people act purposefully. They make decisions with some expected outcome in mind. Their actions are rational and purposeful, not random and chaotic. Individuals all take purposeful actions when they decide what to buy and produce. They make mistakes and are impacted by emotion, but the point is that they make their decisions with some expected results in mind. In short, rational self-interest means that individuals try to weigh the expected marginal (additional) benefits and marginal (additional) costs of their decisions, a topic we return to in Chapter 2.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Self-Interest

宏观经济学代写

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Self-Interest

经济学家认为,大多数人的行为似乎是出于自身利益的驱使,并以可预测的方式对变化的环境作出反应。换句话说,在大多数情况下,自利可以很好地预测人类的行为。例如,对一个工人来说,自我利益意味着追求更高收入的工作和/或更好的工作条件。对于消费者来说,这意味着从有限的收入和时间中获得更高层次的满足感。我们很少看到员工要求雇主减少他们的工资和增加他们的工作量来增加公司的利润。顾客走进超市要求多付钱的频率是多少?简而言之,很多人类行为都可以通过假设大多数人的行为都是出于自身利益的驱使,以提高他们预期的个人满意度来解释和预测。当人们做出选择时,他们往往不确定哪个选择是最好的。但他们期望从这个决定中得到最好的结果——一个能产生最大满足感的结果。批评者会说人们不这么想,批评者可能是对的。但经济学家认为,人们就是这样做的。经济学家正在观察和研究人们的行为——他们的行为。我们很大程度上把人们的想法留给了心理学家和社会学家。此外,当经济学家使用自利一词时,他们并不是在暗示人们只寻求最大化他们的物质消费。许多无私的行为可能是自私的。例如,人们可能会善待他人,希望得到回报。通过建立诚实的声誉,它可以发出一个愿意承诺的信号。这可能会使社会变得更美好。那么,是爱,还是自身利益,让社会凝聚在一起呢?毫无疑问,自利是一股强大的力量,它促使人们生产商品和提供服务。但自利也可以包括仁慈。想想已故的特蕾莎修女,她一生都在关心别人。人们可以说她的工作是为了自己的利益,但谁会认为她的行为是自私的呢?同样,当工人们选择更努力、更长久地工作,以增加他们的慈善捐款或为孩子的教育储蓄时,他们可能是在追求自身利益。也就是说,对经济学家来说,自身利益不是狭隘的货币自身利益。向卡特里娜飓风受害者捐赠的大量金钱和时间也是利己主义的一个例子——利己主义就是帮助有需要的人。然而,我们对他人的慈善行为受到成本的影响。我们可以预测,当税收减免更多的时候,大多数人会更慈善,或者当高速公路不那么拥挤的时候,你可能更有可能让朋友搭便车去机场。简而言之,帮助别人的成本越低,我们期望得到的帮助就越多

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|What Is Rational Behavior?

经济学家认为,大多数人的行为都是理性的或有目的的。你可能认为这不适用于你的兄弟姐妹或室友。但关键在于定义。对经济学家来说,理性行为仅仅意味着人们在当前和预期的未来环境下,根据自己的价值观和信息,尽自己所能做到最好。也就是说,人们可能不完全确定哪些决定会带来最大的满足和幸福,但他们会在众多选择中选择他们期望能给他们带来最好结果的那个。重要的是要注意,只有做出选择的人才决定其合理性。你可能喜欢红色跑车,而你的朋友可能喜欢黑色跑车。所以你选择一辆红色的跑车而你的朋友选择一辆黑色的跑车是合理的。
经济学家假设,人们不会故意做出会让自己境况更糟的决定。大多数人的行为都是有目的的。他们在做决定时脑子里有一些预期的结果。他们的行为是理性和有目的的,而不是随机和混乱的。个人在决定购买和生产什么时都会采取有目的的行动。他们会犯错误,也会受到情绪的影响,但关键是他们在做决定时心里有一些预期的结果。简而言之,理性自利意味着个人试图权衡其决策的预期边际(额外)收益和边际(额外)成本,我们将在第二章中回到这个主题。

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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