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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Positive and Negative Incentives

如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics对国家或地区经济整体行为的研究。它关注的是对整个经济事件的理解,如商品和服务的生产总量、失业水平和价格的一般行为。宏观经济学关注的是经济体的表现–经济产出、通货膨胀、利率和外汇兑换率以及国际收支的变化。减贫、社会公平和可持续增长只有在健全的货币和财政政策下才能实现。

宏观经济学Macroeconomics(来自希腊语前缀makro-,意思是 “大 “+经济学)是经济学的一个分支,处理整个经济体的表现、结构、行为和决策。例如,使用利率、税收和政府支出来调节经济的增长和稳定。这包括区域、国家和全球经济。根据经济学家Emi Nakamura和Jón Steinsson在2018年的评估,经济 “关于不同宏观经济政策的后果的证据仍然非常不完善,并受到严重批评。宏观经济学家研究的主题包括GDP(国内生产总值)、失业(包括失业率)、国民收入、价格指数、产出、消费、通货膨胀、储蓄、投资、能源、国际贸易和国际金融。

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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Positive and Negative Incentives

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Positive and Negative Incentives

Almost all of economics can be reduced to incentive stories, where consumers and producers are driven by incentives that affect expected costs or benefits. An incentive induces people to respond to a reward or a punishment. We just discussed that most rational people predictably respond to changes in incentives by weighing the expected marginal benefits against the expected marginal cost. Prices, wages, profits, taxes, and subsidies are all examples of economic incentives. Incentives can be classified into two types: positive and negative. Positive incentives are those that either increase benefits or reduce costs and thus result in an increased level of the related activity or behavior. Negative incentives, on the other hand, either reduce benefits or increase costs, resulting in a decreased level of the related activity or behavior. For example, a tax on cars that emit lots of pollution (an increase in costs) would be a negative incentive that would discourage the production and consumption of high pollution-emitting cars. On the other hand, a subsidy (the opposite of a tax) on hybrid cars-part electric, part internal combustion-would be a positive incentive that would encourage greater production and consumption of less-polluting hybrid cars. Human behavior is influenced in predictable ways by such changes in economic incentives, and economists use this information to predict what will happen when the benefits and costs of any choice are changed. In short, economists study the incentives and consequences of particular actions.
Because most people seek opportunities that make them better off, we can predict what will happen when incentives are changed. If salaries increase for engineers and decrease for MBAs, we would predict fewer people would go to graduate school in business and more would go into engineering. A permanent change to a much higher price of gasoline would lead us to expect fewer gas guzzlers on the highway. People who work on commission tend to work harder. If the price of downtown parking increased, we would predict that commuters would look for alternative methods to get to work that would save money. If households were taxed to conserve water, economists would expect people to use less water-and substantially less water than if they were simply asked to conserve water. Some people are charitable and some people are stingy, but if you change the tax code to give even greater deductions for charitable contributions, we can predict more people will be charitable, even some of those who are stingy. Incentives matter.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Why Do People Specialize?

As you look around, you can see that people specialize in what they produce. They tend to dedicate their resources to one primary activity, whether it be performing brain surgery, driving a cab, or making bagels. Why? The answer, short and simple, is opportunity costs. By concentrating their energies on only one, or a few, activities, individuals are specializing. This focus allows them to make the best use of (and thus gain the most benefit from) their limited resources. A person, a region, or a country can gain by specializing in the production of the good in which they have a comparative advantage. That is, if they can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others, we say that they have a comparative advantage in the production of that good or service. Comparative advantage changes over time for many reasons, including changes in resources, prices, and events that occur in other countries. For example, the United States once had a comparative advantage in producing shoes, but now imports most of its shoes from foreign countries. Everyone has a comparative advantage in something, and everyone one has a comparative disadvantage in something.
Absolute versus Comparative Advantage
If one country can produce a good using fewer resources, then we say it has an absolute advantage over its competitor. Suppose U.S. workers can make both airplanes and auto parts in less time than Mexico. That is, the U.S. has an absolute advantage over Mexico in producing both goods. U.S. workers are more productive at producing auto parts and airplanes. But trade is based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage. Individuals, firms, and countries are better off if they produce those goods where they have a comparative advantage, the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than other producers. That is, Mexico produces auto parts for the United States because Mexico has even lower productivity compared with U.S. workers in other industries, such as producing airplanes. Unless the two countries have identical opportunity costs of producing the goods, than one country will have a comparative advantage in producing one good and the other country will have a comparative advantage in producing the other good. Trade benefits everyone because it allows people to specialize in activities where they have a comparative advantage.
We All Specialize
We all specialize to some extent and rely on others to produce most of the goods and services we want. The work that we choose to do reflects our specialization. For example, we may specialize in selling or fixing automobiles. The wages from that work can then be used to buy goods from a farmer who has chosen to specialize in the production of food. Likewise, the farmer can use the money earned from selling his produce to get his tractor fixed by someone who specializes in that activity.
Specialization is evident not only among individuals but among regions and countries as well. In fact, the story of the economic development of the United States and the rest of the world involves specialization. Within the United States, the Midwest with its wheat, the coastal waters of the Northeast with its fishing fleets, and the Northwest with its timber are each examples of regional specialization.

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Positive and Negative Incentives

宏观经济学代写

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Positive and Negative Incentives

几乎所有的经济学都可以归结为激励故事,其中消费者和生产者受到影响预期成本或收益的激励的驱动。动机促使人们对奖励或惩罚作出反应。我们刚刚讨论过,大多数理性的人通过权衡预期边际收益和预期边际成本,对激励的变化做出可预测的反应。价格、工资、利润、税收和补贴都是经济激励的例子。激励可以分为两种类型:积极的和消极的。积极的激励是那些增加收益或降低成本,从而导致相关活动或行为水平提高的激励。另一方面,消极激励要么减少收益,要么增加成本,导致相关活动或行为水平下降。例如,对排放大量污染的汽车征税(增加成本)将是一种负面激励,会阻碍高污染排放汽车的生产和消费。另一方面,对混合动力汽车(部分电动,部分内燃)的补贴(与税收相反)将是一种积极的激励,它将鼓励更少污染的混合动力汽车的生产和消费。经济激励的这种变化以可预测的方式影响着人类的行为,经济学家利用这些信息来预测当任何选择的收益和成本发生变化时会发生什么。简而言之,经济学家研究特定行为的动机和后果。因为大多数人都在寻找能让他们过得更好的机会,所以我们可以预测当激励措施改变时会发生什么。如果工程师的工资上涨,而mba的工资下降,我们可以预测,攻读商科研究生的人会减少,而攻读工程专业的人会增加。永久性地提高汽油价格将导致高速公路上的耗油者减少。拿佣金的人往往工作更努力。如果市中心停车费上涨,我们可以预测通勤者会寻找其他省钱的上班方式。如果向家庭征收节约用水的税,经济学家就会预期人们会减少用水,而且比仅仅要求他们节约用水要少得多。有些人是慈善的,有些人是吝啬的,但如果你改变税法,对慈善捐款给予更大的扣除额,我们可以预测更多的人会是慈善的,甚至是那些吝啬的人。激励问题。

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|Why Do People Specialize?

环顾四周,你会发现人们专门从事他们所生产的东西。他们倾向于把自己的资源投入到一项主要活动中,无论是做脑部手术、开出租车还是做百吉饼。为什么?简单来说,答案就是机会成本。通过把精力集中在一项或几项活动上,个人是专业化的。这种专注使他们能够充分利用有限的资源(从而获得最大的利益)。一个人、一个地区或一个国家可以通过专门生产他们具有比较优势的商品而获利。也就是说,如果他们能够以比别人更低的机会成本生产某种商品或服务,我们就说他们在生产这种商品或服务方面具有比较优势。比较优势随时间变化的原因有很多,包括资源、价格和其他国家发生的事件的变化。例如,美国曾经在生产鞋子方面具有比较优势,但现在它的大部分鞋子是从外国进口的。每个人在某些方面都有比较优势,但在某些方面也都有比较劣势。
绝对优势与比较优势
如果一个国家可以用更少的资源生产一种产品,那么我们说它比它的竞争对手有绝对优势。假设美国工人能在比墨西哥更短的时间内制造飞机和汽车零部件。也就是说,美国在生产这两种商品方面都比墨西哥有绝对优势。美国工人在生产汽车零部件和飞机方面的生产率更高。但贸易是基于比较优势,而不是绝对优势。如果个人、企业和国家生产那些具有比较优势的商品,即以比其他生产者更低的机会成本生产某种商品的能力,那么他们就会过得更好。也就是说,墨西哥为美国生产汽车零部件,因为墨西哥在其他行业(如生产飞机)的生产率甚至低于美国工人。除非两国生产商品的机会成本相同,否则一个国家在生产一种商品时具有比较优势,而另一个国家在生产另一种商品时具有比较优势。贸易使每个人都受益,因为它使人们能够专门从事他们具有比较优势的活动。
我们都是专业化的
在某种程度上,我们都是专业化的,并且依赖他人来生产我们想要的大部分商品和服务。我们选择做的工作反映了我们的专业化。例如,我们可能专门从事销售或修理汽车。工作所得的工资可以用来从选择专门从事食品生产的农民那里购买商品。同样,农民可以用卖农产品赚的钱让专门从事这项工作的人修理他的拖拉机。
专业化不仅在个人之间,而且在地区和国家之间也很明显。事实上,美国和世界其他地区的经济发展都与专业化有关。在美国,盛产小麦的中西部,盛产渔船的东北部沿海水域,盛产木材的西北部,都是地区专业化的例子。

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写

经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。

博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。

微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。

计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。

Matlab代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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