如果你也在 怎样代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。宏观经济学Macroeconomics对国家或地区经济整体行为的研究。它关注的是对整个经济事件的理解,如商品和服务的生产总量、失业水平和价格的一般行为。宏观经济学关注的是经济体的表现–经济产出、通货膨胀、利率和外汇兑换率以及国际收支的变化。减贫、社会公平和可持续增长只有在健全的货币和财政政策下才能实现。
宏观经济学Macroeconomics(来自希腊语前缀makro-,意思是 “大 “+经济学)是经济学的一个分支,处理整个经济体的表现、结构、行为和决策。例如,使用利率、税收和政府支出来调节经济的增长和稳定。这包括区域、国家和全球经济。根据经济学家Emi Nakamura和Jón Steinsson在2018年的评估,经济 “关于不同宏观经济政策的后果的证据仍然非常不完善,并受到严重批评。宏观经济学家研究的主题包括GDP(国内生产总值)、失业(包括失业率)、国民收入、价格指数、产出、消费、通货膨胀、储蓄、投资、能源、国际贸易和国际金融。
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经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|The Effects of a Change in Supply
Like a shift in demand, a shift in the supply curve-caused by a change in input prices, prices of related products, expectations, number of suppliers or technology-will also influence both equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, assuming that demand for the product has not changed. For example, what impact would favorable weather conditions have in coffeeproducing countries? Such conditions could cause an increase in the supply of coffee. At any given price, sellers now want to produce and sell more coffee. At the original equilibrium price of $P_1$, consumers still want to buy $Q_1$, but sellers are now willing to supply $Q_3$, as seen in Exhibit 2(a). This creates a surplus at price, $P_1$. Sellers compete to sell the surplus by reducing the price. As the price falls, the quantity demanded increases (a movement down along the demand curve) and the quantity supplied decreases along the new supply curve, $S_2$ until quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal again at the new equilibrium quantity, $Q_2$. The process results in a new equilibrium, $E_2$, at a lower equilibrium price, $P_2$ and a higher equilibrium quantity $Q_2$.
What impact would unfavorable weather conditions have in coffee-producing countries? Such conditions could cause a reduction in the supply of coffee. At any given price, sellers now want to sell less coffee. At the original equilibrium price of $P_1$, consumers still want to buy $Q_1$, but sellers are now only willing to supply $Q_3$. Thus, a shortage develops as seen in Exhibit 2(b). Competition among competing buyers for the limited quantity supplied forces the price up.
As the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases (a movement along the demand curve) and the quantity supplied increases (a movement up along the new supply curve, $S_2$ ) until the quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal again at the new equilibrium quantity, $Q_2$. The process results in a new equilibrium, $E_2$, at a higher equilibrium price, $P_2$ and a lower equilibrium quantity, $Q_2$.
In short, given a downward-sloping demand curve, an increase in supply will lead to a lower equilibrium price and a greater equilibrium quantity. A decrease in supply will lead to a higher equilibrium price and a lower equilibrium quantity.
经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|The Effects of Changes in Both Supply and Demand
We have discussed that, as part of the continual process of adjustment that occurs in the marketplace, supply and demand can each shift in response to many different factors, with the market then adjusting toward the new equilibrium. We have, so far, only considered what happens when just one such change occurs at a time. In these cases, we learned that the results of the adjustments in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity are predictable. However, both supply and demand will often shift in the same time period. Can we predict what will happen to equilibrium prices and equilibrium quantities in these situations?
As you will see, when supply and demand move at the same time, we can predict the change in one variable (price or quantity), but we are unable to predict the direction of the effect on the other variable with any certainty. The change in the second variable, then, is said to be indeterminate because it cannot be determined without additional information about the size of the relative shifts in supply and demand. This concept will become clearer to you as we work through the following example.
An Increase in Supply and a Decrease in Demand
In Exhibits 4(a) and 4(b), we have an increase in supply and a decrease in demand. These changes will clearly result in a decrease in the equilibrium price because both the increase in supply and the decrease in demand work to push this price down. This drop in equilibrium price (from $P_1$ to $P_2$ ) is shown in the movement from $E_1$ to $E_2$ in Exhibits 4 (a) and 4(b).
The effect of these changes on equilibrium price is clear, but how does the equilibrium quantity change? The impact on equilibrium quantity is indeterminate because the increase in supply increases the equilibrium quantity and the decrease in demand decreases it. In this scenario, the change in the equilibrium quantity will vary depending on the relative changes in supply and demand. If, as shown in Exhibit 4(a), the decrease in demand is greater than the increase in supply, the equilibrium quantity will decrease. If, however, as shown in Exhibit $4(b)$, the increase in supply is greater than the decrease in demand, the equilibrium quantity will increase.
An Increase in Demand and Supply
It is also possible that both supply and demand will increase (or decrease). This situation, for example, has happened with high-definition (HD) televisions (and with laptops, cell phones, tablet computers, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment, too). As a result of technological breakthroughs, the prices of component parts falling, and new factories manufacturing HD televisions, the supply curve for HD televisions shifted to the right. That is, at any given price, more HD televisions were offered than before. But with rising income and an increasing number of buyers in the market, the demand for HD televisions increased as well. As shown in Exhibit 5, both the increased demand and the increased supply caused an increase in the equilibrium quantity-more HD televisions were sold. The equilibrium price could have gone either up (because of increased demand) or down (because of increased supply), depending on the relative sizes of the demand and supply shifts. In this case, price is the indeterminate variable. However, in the case of HD televisions, we know that the supply curve shifted more than the demand curve, so that the effect of increased supply pushing prices down outweighed the effect of increased demand pushing prices up. As a result, the equilibrium price of $\mathrm{HD}$ televisions has fallen (from $P_1$ to $P_2$ ) over time.
宏观经济学代写
经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|The Effects of a Change in Supply
与需求的移动一样,供给曲线的移动——由投入价格、相关产品的价格、预期、供应商数量或技术的变化引起——也会影响均衡价格和均衡数量,假设对产品的需求没有变化。例如,有利的天气条件会对咖啡生产国产生什么影响?这种情况可能会导致咖啡供应的增加。在任何给定的价格下,卖家都希望生产和销售更多的咖啡。在初始均衡价格$P_1$时,消费者仍然想购买$Q_1$,但卖方现在愿意提供$Q_3$,如表2(a)所示。这在价格$P_1$处产生了剩余。卖主竞相降价出售剩余的货物。随着价格下降,需求量增加(沿着需求曲线向下移动)供给量沿着新的供给曲线S_2减少,直到供给量和需求量在新的均衡量Q_2处再次相等。这一过程产生了一个新的均衡E_2$,其均衡价格$P_2$较低,均衡量$Q_2$较高。不利的天气条件会对咖啡生产国产生什么影响?这种情况可能导致咖啡供应减少。在任何给定的价格下,卖家都希望卖出更少的咖啡。在初始均衡价格为$P_1$时,消费者仍然想购买$Q_1$,但卖家现在只愿意提供$Q_3$。因此,出现了如图2(b)所示的短缺。相互竞争的买家对有限供应量的竞争迫使价格上涨。
随着价格的上涨,需求量减少(沿着需求曲线移动),供给量增加(沿着新的供给曲线向上移动),直到需求量和供给量在新的均衡量Q_2$处再次相等。这一过程产生了一个新的均衡E_2$,其均衡价格$P_2$较高,均衡量$Q_2$较低。简而言之,给定一条向下倾斜的需求曲线,供给的增加将导致更低的均衡价格和更大的均衡量。供给的减少将导致均衡价格的提高和均衡数量的降低。
经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写|The Effects of Changes in Both Supply and Demand
我们已经讨论过,作为市场持续调整过程的一部分,供给和需求可以根据许多不同的因素而变化,然后市场调整到新的平衡。到目前为止,我们只考虑了一次只发生一个这样的变化时会发生什么。在这些案例中,我们了解到供需调整对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响是可以预测的。然而,供给和需求往往会在同一时期发生变化。我们能预测均衡价格和均衡量在这些情况下会发生什么吗?
正如你将看到的,当供给和需求同时移动时,我们可以预测一个变量(价格或数量)的变化,但我们无法确定预测对另一个变量的影响方向。因此,第二个变量的变化被认为是不确定的,因为如果没有关于供需相对变化大小的额外信息,就无法确定它。通过下面的示例,您将更清楚地了解这个概念。
供给的增加和需求的减少
在图4(a)和图4(b)中,我们看到供应增加,需求减少。这些变化显然会导致均衡价格的下降,因为供给的增加和需求的减少都会使价格下降。均衡价格的下降(从$P_1$到$P_2$)体现在图4(a)和图4(b)中从$E_1$到$E_2$的运动中。
这些变化对均衡价格的影响是显而易见的,但均衡数量是如何变化的呢?对均衡数量的影响是不确定的,因为供给的增加使均衡数量增加,需求的减少使均衡数量减少。在这种情况下,均衡量的变化将根据供给和需求的相对变化而变化。如表4(a)所示,如果需求的减少大于供给的增加,则均衡数量将减少。然而,如果如图4(b)所示,供给的增加大于需求的减少,则均衡量将增加。
需求和供给的增加
供给和需求也可能同时增加(或减少)。例如,这种情况发生在高清电视(以及笔记本电脑、手机、平板电脑、数码相机和其他电子设备)上。由于技术的突破,零部件价格的下降,以及制造高清电视的新工厂,高清电视的供应曲线向右平移。也就是说,在任何给定价格下,提供的高清电视都比以前多。但随着收入的增加和市场上买家数量的增加,对高清电视的需求也在增加。如表5所示,需求的增加和供给的增加都导致了均衡数量的增加——售出了更多的高清电视。均衡价格可以上升(因为需求增加)也可以下降(因为供给增加),这取决于需求和供给变化的相对大小。在这种情况下,价格是不确定变量。然而,就高清电视而言,我们知道供给曲线的位移大于需求曲线的位移,因此,供给增加推动价格下降的影响大于需求增加推动价格上涨的影响。因此,随着时间的推移,$ $ mathm {HD}$电视的均衡价格已经下降(从$ $P_1$降至$ $P_2$)。
经济代写|宏观经济学代考Macroeconomics代写 请认准exambang™. exambang™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
Matlab代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。